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| a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illnes, injury, or maturation |
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| a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another |
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| any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds |
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| he used tones, bells, buzzers, lights, geometrics shapes, electric shocks, and metronomes in is conditioning experiments |
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Unconditioned Response
An unlearned response |
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Unconditioned Stimulus
stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning |
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Conditioned Response
A learned response |
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Conditioned Stimulus
A learned stimulus |
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| extinction (in classical conditioning) |
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| in classical conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus |
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| spontaneous recovery (in classical conditioning) |
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| the reappearance of an extinguished response (weaker in a form) when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period |
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| generalization (in classical conditioning) |
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| in classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus |
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| discrimination (in classical conditioning) |
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| the learned ability to distinguish between similiar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli |
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| the intense dislike and/or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with nausea or discomfort |
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| a type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response |
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| law of effect (Thorndike) |
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| One of Throndike's laws of learning, which states that the consquence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened |
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| anything thar follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will occur |
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| any event that follows a response and strengthens or increae the probability that the response will be repeated |
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| any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increase the probabilty that will response will be repeated |
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| the termination of an unplesant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated |
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| the removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probabilty of a response |
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| primary reinforcer & punishers |
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Definition
| the reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning |
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| secondary reinforcer & punishers |
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Definition
| a reinforcer that is acquired for learned through association with other inforcers |
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| an operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal |
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| successive approximations |
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Definition
| a series of gradual steps, each of which is more similar to the final desired response |
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| extinction (in operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of the withholding if reinforcement |
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| generalization (in operant conditioning) |
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| the tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was originally reinforced |
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| discriminative stimulus (in operant conditioning) |
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| a stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished |
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| a method of changing behavior through a systematic program based on the learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational learning |
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| a program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges |
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| learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior; learning imitation |
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| another name for observational learning |
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