Term
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Definition
| Form of learning in which simple response/reflex responses(UR) are associated with new stimuli. AKA respondent conditioning. NS are followed by US to produce a UR and eventually learn a CR at which point the previously NS becomes a CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively PERMANENT change in behavior due to experience. Does not include temporary changes caused by motivation, fatigue, disease, injury, drugs, maturation, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that INCREASES the chance of having a particular response occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning based on the CONSEQUENCES of responding. Being conditioned based on what the results of an action you do are. AKA instrumental conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Automatic, INNATE, unlearned response to a stimulus (e.g. air pump(US) makes eye blink(UR)) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus that does not evoke a response. Has no effect on subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| TRAINING- the period in conditioning during a response is reinforced. |
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Term
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly PAIRED with an US. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| INNATE REFLEX response produced from an US (e.g. smell of food gives off salivation). |
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Term
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Definition
| A LEARNED response produced from a CS (e.g. sound of bell (CS) paired with mealtime (US) for a dog will cause the dog to salivate at sound of bell (CR)). |
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Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| A stimulus can produce a response on its own, doesn't need to be paired with anything to elicit response. |
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Term
| Pavlov's classical experiment on dogs |
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Definition
| Russian physiologist made a remarkable discovery on accident while studying digestion. During his research he noticed his dogs were salivating before they even saw or smell food, they salivated when he walked into the room. Salivation normally a UR, turned into a CR with the pairing of food right after the scientist walked into the room, that being the CS. |
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Term
| Higher order conditioning |
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Definition
| Form of classical conditioning that is one or more steps higher than the original conditioning. A CS is used as if it where a US because the CS has caused a learned response and can now be used to TEACH. |
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Term
| Conditioned emotional response (CER) |
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Definition
| Believed to be the starting point of many PHOBIAS. A LEARNED response exciting emotions with stimulus that used to be a NS. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reduction of fear and anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimulus while the person is deeply relaxed (e.g. bringing a caged spider closer and closer to someone who has arachnophobia while they are preoccupied and calm). |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditioning through the observation of another person's reaction to a stimulus (e.g. boy wants to ride a roller coaster, but when he sees someone crying from fear after going on the ride the boy fears the roller coaster too). |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to respond to SIMILAR CS. A learned stimulus can cause other stimuli to elicit the same responses because of their similarity. (E.g. child burned by match might learn to fear any fires in general). |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond DIFFERENTLY to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reappearance of a LEARNED response AFTER it has been through the process of extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| WEAKENING of CR through the absence or REMOVAL of reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The anticipation concerning future event or relationships. During conditioning it is learned that a US will FOLLOW a CS so the brain prepares for the CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement of PROGRESS toward final goal/stage. Practiced by B.F. Skinner in a "Skinner Box" e.g. he reinforced a mouse to eventually do a certain task like pressing a button by reinforcing movement towards the button or something that aids the progress of pressing the button. Used in OPERANT conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| INCREASES a behavioral response by following that response with a reward or other positive event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made to INCREASE behavioral response by REMOVING a discomfort or unpleasant event. |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that follows a response and DECREASES the likelihood of behavioral response's occurrence. |
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Term
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Definition
| INNATE physiological needs that are used as a reinforcers when satisfied (e.g. deprivation of water and given a glass of WATER as a reward, can also be FOOD or SEX). |
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Term
| Intracranial stimulation (ICR) |
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Definition
| One of the most powerful PRIMARY reinforcers that involves direct activation of "pleasure centers." Extremely hard to accomplish. |
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Term
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Definition
| LEARNED reinforcer that are usually associated with primary reinforcers (e.g. parents giving kids praise as a reinforcer is often associated with food or candy so the praise alone will eventually be enough to satisfy usually). These include a much broader range of rewards: money, praise, attention, approval, success, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| An EXCHANGE of a secondary for primary reinforcer (e.g. money can be exchanged for food, water, etc). A TANGIBLE secondary reinforcer. They don't lose reinforcing value as quickly are primary reinforcing does. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from ANOTHER PERSON which can often influence human behavior (e.g. teacher taught to teach on one side of the classroom b/c student only paid more attention when she was on that side). Learned desire. |
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Term
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Definition
| High frequency behavior used to reinforce a LOW frequency behavior. A frequent behavior can be used as a reinforcer by allowing access to it only after a specific task has been completed (e.g. "you can't play video games until you finish your homework..") |
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Term
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Definition
| A patterned time for reinforcing responses only a PORTION of the time. Includes: Fixed Ratio (FR), Variable Ratio (VR), Fixed interval (FI), and Variable interval (VI). |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement process where a certain number of CORRECT responses made will be rewarded. FR-X is X number of responses needs to receive reward (e.g. FR-10 means a rat gets food for pressing a button 10 times). |
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Term
| Variable ratio (VR)schedule |
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Definition
| A diverse amount of correct responses made gets reinforced as opposed to a fixed amount only. This schedule is known to produce HIGHEST response rates and GREATER resistance to extinction that FR. Usually based on an average amount such as VR-X where X is the average amount (e.g. slot machine is a behavior produced from VR) |
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Term
| Fixed interval (FI)schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcement schedule where reinforce is given only when a correct response is made after a SET amount of time has passed. Produces a graph with spurts of activity with periods of inactivity. Produces moderate response rates and helps subject to develop a better sense of time (e.g. children behaving better around Christmas time to receive presents). |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcer give for the FIRST correct response made after an unspecified/non-consistent amount of time. Produced slow, steady response rates and GREAT resistance towards extinction (e.g. when fishing you catch a fish at random times if any). |
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Term
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Definition
| Any use of operant or classical conditioning to directly alter human behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of therapy used to break bad habits by pairing the bad habit with a PUNISHMENT. |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| Therapy used to treat PHOBIAS by programming a CS produce a DIFFERENT response to PREVENT fear from occurring a while exposing subject to phobia gradually. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any used of reinforcement and/or punishment. The punishment, is presented after the behavior rather than together with it. |
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Term
| Ramachandran's phantom limb patient |
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Definition
| Sematosensory cortex includes a "map" of the brain and the representation of the face on the map is next to the hand region of the brain. However, since this patient has no information coming from the hand, the face region is taking up the region of the hand and therefore activates the hand region of the brain WITH the face region now instead. Massive REORGANIZATION of the brain has taken place breaking the common belief that brain paths cannot change. |
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Term
| Ramachandran's Capgras delusion patient |
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Definition
| Object is recognized in the temporal and is relayed to the emigdula, the gateway to the limbic system, there it is accompanied with the appropriate emotional state found the the limbic system. However, this patient's connection from the temporal lobe to the emigdula are cut. Another strange phenomena is that the patient can HEAR, recognize and give the appropriate emotional response. How? because the auditory cortex in the temporal has a SEPARATE pathway to the emigdula that remains undamaged. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incoming information is converted into a USABLE form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information in memory is held for later use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information is recovered from storage to be useful. |
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Term
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Definition
| First stage of memory. This holds the exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less. About 1-1.5 seconds of complete memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second stage. Memory system used to hold SMALL amounts of information for a brief period. Usually people can retain 7(+or-)2 items, this is called "working memory" used for problem solving and thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Third stage. Memory system used for semi-permanent storage of meaningful and limitless amounts of information. STM linked to information stored in LTM by giving it personal meaning makes it easier to remember. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental image or visual representation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound if head. The sensory memory system holds the information long enough for it to be transferred to STM. |
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Term
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Definition
| MEMORY UPDATING. Reorganizing or updating memories on the basis of logic, reasoning, or the addition of new information. Responsible for creating pseudo-memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rehearsal that makes information more meaningful by linking STM to LTM. |
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Term
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Definition
| Silently repeating or mentally review information to hold it in STM and prolong it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information bits grouped into larger units to reduce the number of "items" currently being retained in memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biggest alterer of consciousness. Cycles through 4 stages throughout the process, each cycle gets shorter and less "deep." Divided into REM and nREM |
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Term
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Definition
| Sub-declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world. This type of information is a mental encyclopedia of basic knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory storage of specific FACTUAL information such as names, faces, words, dates, etc. Can be divided into semantic and episodic memor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sub-declarative memory that identifies personal experiences: the "what, where, when" part of our lives. More easily forgotten of the two types of declarative memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| LTM of basic CR and learned skills such as typing, driving, swimming, etc. SKILL memories rest in the cerebellum the "lower" part of the brain b/c they are more automatic elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| LIGHT sleep. Eyes closed, people don't believe they are really asleep, have hypnic jerks- sudden reflex to come out of sleep. Includes Alpha waves larger slower waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of sleep where sleep spindles occur- short bursts of brain wave activity. True boundary of sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delta waves large and slow. Deeper sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep sleep- almost completely delta waves at this time. Reached within 1 hour of sleep. |
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Term
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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Definition
| Device that can detect the tiny electrical signals the brain generates. Can be amplified and record brain waves. Awake = BETA waves, Sleep = ALPHA waves, and Deep sleep = DELTA waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs during stage 1 sleep. Time of high emotion where eyes move, but the rest of the body is paralyzed, and vivid DREAMS occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty getting to sleep or stay asleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevention or loss of sleep. Leads to symptoms such as loss of concentration, remembering, pain sensitivity, general discomfort, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental awareness of sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| State of clear, organized alertness. During this consciousness we perceive times, places, and events as being real. |
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Term
| Alter state of consciousness (ASC) |
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Definition
| Changes occur in the quality and pattern of mental activity such as being sick from a fever, sleep loss, dehydration, hypnosis etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Altered state of consciousness where individual has narrowed attention and increased suggestibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| State of panic during NREM. Occurs during stages 3&4(NREM)of sleep, mostly happens to children. During this time they are not awake and have no recollection of it. |
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Term
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
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Definition
| Caused by sleep apnea. Babies with weak arousal reflex from suffocation don't try to breath and just die. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated interruption of breathing during sleep and makes victims extremely sleepy during the day. Person who snores loudly or snorts in sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having EXTRA REM because of a deprivation of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bad dream in REM and can be gotten rid of by writing it out, changing it to be more pleasant, and visualizing the new dream before going to sleep- this is called imagery rehearsal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance capable of altering attention, memory, judgment, time sense, self-control, mood, or perception. |
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Term
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Definition
| INCREASE effect of neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| DECREASE effect of neurotransmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit(hidden) memory by using cues/hints or suggestions to activate hidden memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hidden memories that a person doesn't know exist and is retrieved UNconsciously. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory we are aware of having and can be consciously retrieved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supply or reproduce memorized information with minimum of external cues such as verbatim tests or fill-in-the-blanks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning again something that was previously learned. Saving scores- amount of time saved by learning information again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photographic memory. When a picture can be retained and visualized with eyes closed. |
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