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| The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes |
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| Cell activity, actions, expression, thought |
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| Sensations, thoughts, emotions |
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| The 4 goals of psychology |
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| Description, explanation, prediction, control |
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| Asks the question, how are body and mind related? |
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427BC
Mind and body are separate but related (Dualism) |
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384BC
Mind and body are connected. Knowledge is gained through experience |
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1500-1600AD
Argued that the mind and body are separate |
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| Psychology based upon the connectedness of thought, experience and emotion |
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1879
First psychology lab opens in Germany |
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| Introspect about physical objects and thoughts. "Tell me about things that are yellow" |
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William James
Stream of Thought vs. elements of the mind
Focus on adaptation - living, working and playing in the real world |
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Naturally seek out patterns and wholes in the environment.
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. |
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Psychoanalysis
Insight therapy for fear and anxiety
-Focused on subconscious and early childhood.
-Dream analysis/free association |
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John B. Watson
-Believed that fears were directly learned from experience
-Fear is learned with a neutral stimulus and adverse stimulus |
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Sociocultural
Psychodynamic
Behavior
Cognitive
Biophysiological
Evolutionary |
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| Psychodynamic perspective |
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| Focus on subconscious and early development |
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| Focus on learning principles including classic conditioning and operative conditioning |
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| People have freedom to choose their own destiny |
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| Focuses on memory, perception, intelligence, problem solving and learning |
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| Sociocultural perspective |
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| Relationsip between social behavior and culture |
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| Biophysiological perspective |
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| Attributes human and animal behavior to biological phenomena |
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| Biological, mental traits shared by all humans |
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| 5 steps of scientific method |
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Definition
Perceive
Hypothesis
Test
Draw conclusions
Report, revise, replicate |
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Select a topic
Theory and hypothesis
Select method and collect data
Analyze data and draw conclusions
Report findings |
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| Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects |
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| Descriptive methods of research |
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Natural observation
Lab observation
Surveys
case studies |
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+ Watching people in natural environment
- lack of control, observer bias |
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+ Watching people in a controlled environment
- People behave differently when they know they are being watched |
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+ Detailed investigations of one subject: yields lots of useful info
- info cannot be applied to other subjects |
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+ Ask standardized questions to a large group: good representative sample
- People don't always answer truthfully |
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| Involves manipulation of the environment in some way |
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| The condition that is changed in an experiment |
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| changes with the independent variable although it is not changed directly |
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| Independent Variable is changed |
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| Independent variable is left unaltered |
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| Limitations of experimental methods |
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- May not be feasible or ethical
- confounding variables
- experimenter bias: double blind |
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| Scatter plot of various responses of given groups. May be influenced by some other third variable that is unaccounted for |
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| How many neurons in the brain? |
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| The center of the neuron - holds information |
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| Hairlike structure near the cell body that connects to the axon of other nearby neurons |
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| Connects the cell body to the axon |
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| electrically insulating material that covers the axon. Is necessary for proper brain function. |
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| Connects to dendrites of surrounding neurons |
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| the small distance between the axon and dendrite receptor in a neural connection |
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| Electrical neuron transmission |
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- charge within neuron
+ charge outside of neuron
ions flood the neuron and cause axon gates to open. This is known as the action potential |
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40 millivolts
all or nothing effect - either the nerve is triggered or it is not |
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-70 millivolts
the nerve is resting |
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-50 millivolts
above this level, the neuron fires |
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| Controlled movement and pleasure sensations |
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| Arousal, attention, muscle control, memory |
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| involved in arousal and mood |
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gamma amino butyric acid - inhibitory
aids in sleep and inhibiting movement - increased GABA can relieve siezures? |
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| involved in learning, memory, synaptic plasticity, nervous system development. Always excites neuron |
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| each neurotransmitter has a chemical structure that fits neatly into a receptor site |
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| Blocks the receptor site but does not cause the neuron to fire |
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Morphine is an example
Similar enough to the neurotransmitter to bind into the receptor site and cause the neuron to fire. |
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
Two parts: somatic and autonomic
Somatic - skeletal muscle movement
autonomic - body processes that naturally occur: parasympathetic and sympathetic
sympathetic: fight or flight
parasympathetic: rest and digest |
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Medulla - heart rate
pons - sleep, arousal
cerebellum - complex motor movement
reticular formation - retaining consciousness |
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| Coordinates sensory stimuli |
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thalamus - sensory relay station
Hypothalamus - hunger, thirst
Limbic system - The hippocampus and the amygdala.
Hippocampus = memory formation
amygdala = fear response |
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| 2 hemispheres of the brain connected by the corpus callosum. Left brain controls right side of body vice versa. Left brian is more logical, right brain is more emotional - facial recognition |
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Frontal - planning, scheduling, problem solving
Parietal - processing sensations, pain, touch etc.
occipital - visual stimuli
temporal - Auditory: hearing and language interpretation |
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| Motor and somatosensory cortexes |
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| Control certain complex body parts |
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| Science of inherited traits |
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| molecule that contains genetic material that defines an organism |
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| gene - section of DNA that has a similar base pattern |
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| Tightly wound strands of DNA |
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First 2 weeks after fertilization
zygote moves to uterus and plants in the wall |
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2-8 weeks after conception
develops major organs and structures |
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8 weeks - birth
skeleton and muscles form. Brain forms in last 3 months |
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| sucking, rooting, startling, grasping, stepping |
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| Major milestones in infancy |
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2-4 months - raises head
6-7 months - sitting w/o support
7-8 months - crawling and creeping
8-18 months - walking |
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| Bodily changes and sex drive from pituitary gland |
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| decline in reproductive system in women |
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| changes in sexual hormones and reproduction in males |
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| Piaget's stage theory (4 stages) |
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Definition
sensorymotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete stage
formal operation |
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birth - 2 years
explore using senses
object permanence |
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2-7 years
imaginary play
no logical reasoning, no conservation, egocentrism - view the world from their own personal perspective |
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7-12 years
conservation
classification
concrete logical thinking |
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12 - adulthood
abstract thinking and analogies
hypothesis testing and problem solving |
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| challenges to Piaget's theory |
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conclusions incorrect
cognitive development never discussed
role of social context ignored |
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| Scaffolding theory - children supported by parents or role model. Zone of proximal development - 4th grader reading at 6th grade level? zone=2. |
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Death within 8-10 years of diagnosis
Starts with mild memory loss and leads to personality disorders and full blown loss of brain function |
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| regular, adaptable, laid back |
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| between easy and difficult. Takes some time to get comfortable around primary care giver |
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| Will explore, but will check in with parent. Upset when parent leaves but is easy to soothe |
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| unattached to parents, willing to explore. Check in less often |
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| upset when parent leaves and when parent returns. Difficult to soothe |
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| disorganized / disoriented infants |
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| insecure attachment, fearful, confused |
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| Ainsworth's strange situation |
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| Parent leaves child, stranger comes in . Stranger is able to soothe secure infants |
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| Erikson's 8 stages of development |
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Definition
1: trust vs. mistrust
2: autonomy vs. shame
3: initiative vs. guilt
4: Industry vs. inferiority
5: identity vs. role confusion
6: intimacy vs. isolation
7: generativity vs. stagnation
8: ego integrity vs. despair |
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Birth - 1 year
Having basic needs met consistently |
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1 - 3 years
Realize can direct own behavior |
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3-5 years
Challenged to control own behavior |
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5-12 years
School age children gaining knowledge and confidence |
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| identity vs. role confusion |
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adolescence
must choose between many different values while maintaining self worth |
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young adulthood
Primary task is to form intimate relationships where one can share of themselves |
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| generativity vs. stagnation |
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middle adulthood
Creativity and productivity - nurturing the next generation |
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| ego integrity vs. despair |
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late adulthood
wisdom, spirituality, self worth. Coming to terms with mortality |
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| Kohlberg's theory or morals |
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Development of moral thinking
- told moral dilemma and observed how participants responded |
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Consequences determine morality
- young children |
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Morality comes from conforming to societal laws and rules
- adolescents |
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| postconventional morality |
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personal ethics guide morality even if laws or rules are broken.
- adulthood |
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