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| Newborn infant that possesses four main reflexes: rooting reflex, sucking reflex, moro reflex, and grasping reflex. View the world less abstract and use less generalization, categories, and principles. |
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| FIRST critical reflex of an infant is the reflexive head turning and nursing. When touched on face infant will search for bottle or breast |
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| When infant finds bottle or breast it immediately begins to do RHYTHMIC NURSING to obtain food. |
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| The HUGGING motion reflex when baby is startled wanting to cling to their mothers. |
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| When object is placed into infant's hand they grasp it with a surprisingly strong reflex. |
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| Infant's perceptual abilities |
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| Poorly developed vision- can see large patterns, shapes and edges, but can clearly see objects about a foot away. Strong hearing and tell whether mom's voice is close or from a loud speaker from far away. Sense of smell strong. |
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| Affectional tie between people that endures over time. |
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| Sensitivity, irritability, distractibility, and typical mood (i.e. Children that cry frequently), but is not a permanent attribute. |
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| Strong role in development |
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| Heredity and environment are factors that have the biggest effect on a child's physical and mental growth. |
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| Experiment testing the importance and affect of CONTACT COMFORT. He used surrogate(substitute) mothers: one made of bare wires the other covered in soft terry cloth. Showed contact comfort important to attachment. |
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| Pleasant secure feeling infants get from touching something soft and warm like their mothers. It is important for EMOTIONAL well-being, and develops tactile sensitivity and motor skills. |
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| Uneasiness(crying and signs of fear) displayed by infants when they are apart from their parents or left alone with stranger. |
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| Stable and positive emotional bond. Type of attachment that is most common. Are able to go further and further away from parents to explore and trust they will still be their. NORMAL development. |
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| Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment |
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Definition
| Anxious emotional bond. Seek to be both near mother and angrily resist contact with her.Leads to lack of trust and security. |
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| Insecure-avoidant attachment |
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| Anxious emotional bond. Tends to turn away from mother when she returns. |
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| Psychologist that did experiments on infant attachments. Studies revealed how babies act with mothers return after brief separation, and the different types of response from infants: securely, insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent/resistant. |
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| Process of guardians channeling children's impulses and teach them the rules and skills needed to function in society. Four main types: Authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. |
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| Parenting style that is strict, values obedience, no praise, INCONSISTENT boundaries(do know what they will be punished for), independence not encouraged. Causes children to be unfriendly, distrustful, lack motivation. |
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| Parenting style that gives lots of freedom, lack of discipline, NO boundaries, and values self-expression. Causes children to be IMMATURE, more dependent, frequent temper tantrums, and lack initiative. |
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| Parenting style that REASONS with kids, gives them more responsibility over time, understanding, FIRM limits. Causes children to be more friendly, cooperative, independent, better school achievement, and more responsible. |
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| Psychologist that observed children develop cognitive abilities through a series of FOUR stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operations. |
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| First stage on cognitive development. Child learns object permanent- understanding objects still exist even when they are out of sight. Things become more predictable to the child |
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| Second stage of cognitive development. Child begin to think symbolically and use language, although think is still intuitive (little reasoning made). Child is egocentric during this stage- they are unable to be empathic and see other people's viewpoints. |
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| Concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| Third stage of cognitive development. Child learns conversation- that mass, weight, volume of object are constant even if shape changes. Can use reverse operational thinking and uses concept of time, space, numbers- they start to think logically. |
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| Fourth and final stage of cognitive development. Thinking is more abstract and is able to think of and comprehend hypothetical possibilities. |
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| Evaluation about how much worth we have by answering the questions of objective criteria such as height and weight, and our non-physical criteria which we evaluate through social comparison. |
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| Categories of people to which you habitually compare yourself to. Performance of others in this group can affect self-esteem. Protection -> downward comparison. Relative deprivation -> constant upward comparison. |
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| When you constantly upwardly compare yourself to a reference group causing you to believe you can never have enough recognition, money, etc. Cause of revolutions and political unrest. |
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| Cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
Contradicting thoughts cause discomfort. When someone believes something to be an unchangeable fact and receives information that contradicts that, people tend to make sense of them by dropping one belief and going against it (e.g. a person that once believed smoking was bad for him starts to smoke then reduces the belief smoking is bad)
Can also alter memory of something (e.g. person undergoes boring task and is asked to lie about it to someone for money saying it was actually interesting. This contradicts the belief lying is bad, so we tend to remember the task to actual be more interesting that it actually was). |
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| Learned behavior based on social "rules" that dictate what we should and shouldn't do in various situations (e.g. someone picks up trash greatly reduces the likeliness someone watching will litter OR Soloman Ashe's line test) |
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| Psychologist that conducted a test on conformity and compliance that had a subject choose which line best matched the one drawn, answer is obvious. If everyone else in the room gives the incorrect answer subject will likely give incorrect answer as well. If even a few people get correct answer the subject is much more likely to give correct answer too. |
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| Psychologist that did studies on obedience. Had subject give painful shocks to person that answered questions incorrectly. Wanted to see how far each person would go and what factors affected their level of obedience. Related to how war crimes are committed by soldiers. |
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| Psychologist that studied obedience through his famous prison guard experiment where he randomly assigned roles to guards and prisoners in a fake prison. Prison guards behaved aggressive and heartless and progress in their brutality seeing how much they could actually get away with doing. |
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| Social situation that rewards individual, but have adverse effects towards many others (e.g. driving an SCV benefits a few people to haul large amount a cargo, but creates large amounts of undesired air pollution at the same time. |
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Definition
| When people share a scarce resource most own in self interest causing everyone to suffer (e.g. class A vs. B option experiment...to many people selfishly chose B option) |
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Definition
| Acting out impulses. Can increase dramatically by hormone called testosterone. |
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| Self-fulfilling prophecies |
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Definition
| Doing things to elicit things consistent with your beliefs. |
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Definition
| Overall capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively WITH the environment. |
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| IQ (Intelligence quotient) |
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Definition
| Shown through tests that provide an index, a MEASURE of intelligence. Famous tests: WISC-III, Alfred Binet(FIRST success test made), Standard, and Standard-Binet. Some have been proven to be valid and reliable tests such as Standard IQ test, but not necessary fair measurement since they are not infallible. Can change over time depending on the amount of use; more use = higher IQ and vice versa. |
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| Achievement/aptitude test |
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Definition
| Test that evaluates the learning capacity for abilities of certain people. Does NOT include mechanical abilities such as mental rotation found in IQ tests and more much more NARROW. |
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| IQ test that is objective(unbiased scoring), is standardized meaning scores can be compared to an average scoring to evaluate the individual scores. Score shown as mental age. |
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Term
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| IQ test specially designed for adults and give SEPERATE scores for performance, intelligence, and verbal intelligence. Final result calculated as one IQ score. |
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| Genetic contribution to intelligence |
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Definition
| Twin studies, Parent offspring studies, and genetic abnormalities. |
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| Environment contribution to intelligence |
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Definition
| Parent genetic offspring adopted away vs. adopted offspring, children taken away from impoverished environment increase IQ, rat and enriched environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Being under the IQ of 70 or have significant impairment of adaptive behavior. Caused by malnutrition, impoverished environment(in poverty), and medical and emotional support insufficient. Most other cases on this are caused by organic disorder such as birth injuries(baby strangled by umbilical cord), fetal damage caused by drug-use and such, metabolic disorders, and genetic abnormalities (missing or extra genes). |
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| Purpose for intelligence testing |
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Definition
| Separate children of different intelligence levels into different groups to better meet the needs of each group. |
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| Reasons not to do intelligence testing |
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Definition
| Tests are biased against those who non-native English speakers. Score make a label which is hard to remove no matter the score. |
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Definition
| Mental representation of self that either be unified or differentiated. Unified = make generalization of the result of some action (failing in one area means they are permanently inadequate) likely leading to depression, and psychological disorders. Differentiated = able to see that results of an action may differ according to circumstances by CATEGORIZATION. |
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Definition
| Judging someone usually based on limited amount of information and affect judgment of other schema causing us to ASSUME things about someone. |
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| Process of trying to explain the causes of our behavior putting them into categories of either internal attribution(caused by personal faults or assets) or external attribution(caused by outside sources out of your control). |
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| Cause of behavior assumed to lie WITHIN a person like their need, preference, or certain trait. Tend to say this is the cause of something when we SUCCEED. |
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Definition
| Cause of behavior assumed to lie outside a person out of their control. Situational causes. Tend to blame things on this when we FAIL. |
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| Characteristics deciding the likelihood of whether something is an external or internal attribution |
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Definition
| Consensus- how much people's behavior is similar to others(high=external), consistency- how often a behavior is consistently show(high=internal), and distinctiveness- how much similar stimuli can elicit different behaviors(high=external) meaning someone only behaves a certain way when exposed to a certain stimuli. |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| Tendency to say someone's behavior is from internal causes. When we ASSUME things about how someone is acting is based solely on their own personality. |
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Definition
| Tendency to take personal credit for success and blame external causes for failure. |
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| Abiding by the unspoken rules of conduct called norms and bringing your behavior to agreement with it. |
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| When preforming an action, it becomes improved under the presence of others watching. |
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| Presence of others hurts performance. |
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| A sex difference found in the hypothalamus of the brain. Acquired through environmental and biological causes. Studies done on rats where hormones in utero were injected caused them to believe they were males. Did not work on humans. |
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Definition
| Claimed false theories about gender. Used correctional data, which didn't find the cause. He never published the outcome of his experiment. Believed in nurture over nature. |
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Definition
| Cephalocaudal and proximandistal |
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| Reasons for different attachment |
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Definition
| Mother was abused as child, some types of abuse involved in mom's past, and mom abuses baby such as being negligent towards it. |
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| Parents' interaction with child |
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Definition
| Dads like to physically play with children and moms like verbal and face interaction. |
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