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| the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour |
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| anything an organism does |
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| Describe, Explain, Predict, Control (Dicks Ejaculate Pre-Cum) |
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| Levels of Psychological Analysis |
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Biological --> brain, cells, genes,
Psychological --> personality, life experiences, memories
Social --> friends, family, culture |
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Metaphyics --> Study of reality
Epistemology --> Study of Knowledge |
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- Brain is organ of mental life
- Temperaments from 4 body humours (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile) |
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- Mind & Body are same
- Mental processes occur in the brain
- Knowledge is not innate |
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| Socrates mentored Plato who mentored Aristotle |
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- Brain controls body via tubes that run thru the body
- "reflex arc"
- Dualist --> mind + body are separate but interact |
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- Tabula Rasa --> "mind is a blank state"
- Study of learning |
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| Nerves contain specific energy that gives rise to particular sensations. "Specific nerve energies". |
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- Measured speed of neural impulses
- Discovered neural impulses are not instantaneous |
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- Described mathematical relationship between physical stimuli and perception
- Devised techniques for psychophysical experiments |
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- Pioneered field of psychology
- First psych laboratory
- Studied simple processes of mind
- Conscious mind made of simple components |
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HIND BRAIN
- Heart rate and breathing
- Overdose from CNS depressants which depresses it |
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HIND BRAIN
- Means "bridge"
- Nerves for swallowing, chewing & facial expressions
- Produces norepinephrine |
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| Neurotransmitter for arousal and attention. Formed in the Pons |
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Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, Reticular Formation
- Oldest part of the brain evolutionarily speaking |
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HIND BRAIN
- Timing & coordination movement (motor learning)
- Alcohol suppresses Cerebellum using GABA (Drunkards WalTk) |
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HIND BRAIN
- Network of neurons that extends into the midbrain
- Regulates sleep/awake cycle
- Suppressed by general anaesthetics
- Source of Serotonin |
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Neurotransmitter (Inhibitory)
- Activity levels and mood regulation
- Also sleep & appetite
Found in Reticular Formation (HIND BRAIN) |
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| Inferior Colliculus, Superior colliculus, Substantia nigra, and a Pain Inhibition System |
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| Important relay for hearing |
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| Important relay for visual tracking |
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- Fluid movement
- origin of major Dopamine pathways to the forebrain |
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The Hungry Police Lady Baked Cookies
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, The Limbic System, Basal Ganglia, Cerebral Cortex |
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FOREBRAIN
Relay station - receives information from the senses (except smell) and relays it to the cortex. |
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FOREBRAIN
- Motivated behaviour (eat, drinking, sex etc.)
- Outputs to autonomic nervous system
- Controls pituitary - PLAYS A PART IN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |
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FOREBRAIN
- Regulates endocrine glands of the body
- Releases hormones |
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FOREBRAIN
Means "ring"
- Regulates emotions (happiness, fear, pleasure)
- Regulates learning and memories (spatial) |
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FOREBRAIN
Regulates fear, aggression
- means "almond" |
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| Brain lesions to the amygdala which results in severe docility in monkeys |
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- Formation of memory & spatial learning
- Means "seahorse" |
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- Blood-brain barrier (regulate blood flow to brain regions)
- Aborb or clean-up chemicals released by neurons
- Also help w/ communication between neurons
- Can be stem cells |
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| Oligodendroglia & Schwann Cells |
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| Produce the myelin sheath |
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- Line the walls of ventricles
- Create & Secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CBF) |
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| -Cleans up dead cells and prevents infection |
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| When the charge of the extracellular fluid is not equal to that of the intracellular fluid |
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| the electrical charge of a neuron when it is at rest. Approx -70mV. |
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| the difference in concentration of sodium ions inside and outside of the neuron |
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| pores in the cell membrane that can open and close to allow certain ions into and out of the cell |
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| protein molecules in the membrane of cells that push out sodium ion sand push in potassium ions. |
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| a sudden positive change in the electrical charge of a neuron's axon |
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| the point at which the relative influence of other neurons succeeds in causing a neuron to initiate an action potential |
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| Voltage at which action potential in generated |
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| points at which the axon is not protected by the myelin sheath, but rather is open to extracellular fluid |
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Neurotransmitter (excitary)
- Most common NT in the brain. Made by half of brains neurons.
- Learning & formation of new memories |
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Neurotransmitter (gamma-amino butyric acid) (Inhibitory)
- Sleep & reduction of arousal
- Learning |
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Neurotransmitter
Learning, attention |
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Neurotransmitter
Movement, reward learning |
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Neurotransmitter (excitary)
- Stimulates sympathetic nervous system
- Arousal, vigilance & mood
- Also, learning, memory, sleep & emotion |
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| Caused by low amounts of Dopamine. |
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| Caused by higher than normal levels of Glutamate |
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| Caused by excessive amounts of Glutamate |
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| Controls all mental and physical processes |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| Carries information to and from the central nervous system |
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| Carry sensory information FROM THE BODY TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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| Carry sensory information FROM THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO THE MUSCLES AND GLANDS |
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Connect two or more neurons.
Short axon and act as a relay between other neurons |
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| All of the peripheral nerves that send information from your senses to you CNS |
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Operates without the CNS in contrast to the Somatic Nervous System.
Separated into Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| "Fight or flight" reaction. Part of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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| Responsible for restful times. Part of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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| Attention Deficit Disorder |
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| - Can be caused by lack of norepinephrine in the Pons |
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| the band of white matter that separates the two hemispheres of the brain |
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FOREBRAIN
- Voluntary movement |
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FOREBRAIN
In the Basal Ganglia
Important for motivation and reward learning |
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| Four Lobes (Regions) of the Cortex |
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Occipital, Temporal, Parietal, Frontal
Fucking on the pond |
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- back of the skull
- processing visual information |
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- processing sound and speech comprehension
- recognizing complex visual stimuli such as faces |
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- touch and complex visual information
- particularly about locations |
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- including movement and speech production
- ethical decisions and complex thought
- planned movements |
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- brain region in the frontal lobe
- important for speech production |
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- position of the frontal cortex
- higher order thinking, such as memory, moral reasoning, and planning |
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Chordates (450mya)
Vertebrates (425mya)
Amphibians (400mya)
Reptiles (300mya)
Mammals (180mya) |
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| In the parietal Lobe, responsible for processing tactile information. |
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| In the frontal lobe, responsible for planning and movement. (non reflexive) |
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| the process of analogous evolution leading to similar adaptation. Ie. Bee's wing vs. Bird's wing |
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| Functionalism (Influence by Darwin) |
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Psychoanalytical
- Theories are not based in science.
- Terms such as "anal retentive and oral fixation" |
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Behaviourism
- Influenced Russian physiologist Ian Pavlov |
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| Neuroscience/Psychobiology |
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