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| string of letters, is it a word? |
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| a theory proposing that semantic information is organized in long term memory by linking concepts to related concepts |
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| in lexical decision task, right before seeing letter string, flash a word (either related or unrelated) and measure reaction time |
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| where concepts are organized in a network with links. Activating a node, the activation will spread to other nodes. (Nurse -> doctor -> hospital...), model accounts for response times by formulating assumptions about how activation spreads in a semantic network. |
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| spreading activation discoverers |
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| living things -> animals & plants, ->mammals and birds |
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| language acquisition device, a human without exposure to language wont learn language fully |
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| says humans learn language like any other skill: REINFORCEMENT and IMITATION |
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| "Nurture experiment": Washoe (Chimp)/ASL: never learned to full extent |
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| COMBO: innate ability and proper input |
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| sounds that make up language |
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| units of meaning, (walk + ed) |
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| strings of words organized by syntax |
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| use of language in a social context |
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| phonemes do NOT = letters. categorizational perception, McGurk effect |
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| sounds differ because of your mouth and timing of vocal cords (VOT) "p" vs. "b", we hear sounds belonging to one category, develops @ 6 mos. |
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| phonemic restoration effect |
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| ***-ell. Depending on sentence context you hear "peel" of the orange, "heel" of the shoe: COGNITIVE ILLUSIONS |
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| units of meaning (morphemes), ball + s |
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| makes new part of speech: "walk" (verb) + "er" (noun) |
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| "walk" + "ed", keeps part of speech |
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| thinked, finded, goed, correct: learn exception to rule. All you need to know are rules and exceptions, temporary production of wrong words = faster learning |
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| lexical: phonemes + morphemes |
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| not perfect: ambiguity, garden path sentences |
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| meaning: " He was always bothered by the COLD " |
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| "She looked at the boy with BINOCULARS" |
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| a) 85% chance to win $100 or b) 100% chance of winning $85, people pick b to averse risk of losing that $15 |
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| structural and lexical ambiguity |
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| rapide eye movements: 15-25 ms |
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| 3-4 letters to the left of the fixation, 14-15 letters to the right |
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| 2-3 letters to the right, 11-12 letters to left |
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| 1 word to left, 2-3 words to right |
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| inverse of moving window" Sally has a xxxxen table" |
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| changing word in sentence. if word is jumbled or irrelevant, slow at reading. if word has the same letters, medium level. same word? fast. 60 m/s of word needed to process |
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| factors that influence time to understand a word/sentence |
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| frequency, length, predictability |
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| fish and social interactions, Americans paid more attn to individual.. Asians more to group |
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| people accentuate positives about themselves and deny negative. American/European obsession with uniqueness, choice. |
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| Time Rhythm Improvisation Orality Spirituality, AFRICANS |
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| Native Americans & Genocide |
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| knowledge about a specific subject |
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| high level principles to represent and categorize problems, highly organized, work forward |
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| the sudden discovery of a solution following unsuccessful attempts |
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| general search strategy and means-end analysis: work backwards |
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| protocol analysis, deliberate practice |
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| effortful, self-monitoring approach, specific |
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| used by economists to describe behavior , what people SHOULD do: optimal way |
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| people don't usually do what will get the greatest payoff, used by psychologists. what people ACTUALLY do |
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| creating a NOVEL and USEFUL product or solution, divergent thinking |
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| PREP, INCUBATION, ILLUMINATION, VERIFICATION |
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| traditional view of creativity |
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| creativity is very different from other cognitive processes. prep, incubation, illumination, verification |
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| creative cognition approach |
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| the multiple cognitive processes are no diffrent than any other |
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| gained expertise, improved by being creative, or seeing problems in new ways |
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| 9 dots problem, divergent thinking necessary, may lead to new solutions |
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| Dunckner's tumor/radiation problem |
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| Newell and Simon's Theory |
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| search space and problem space, methods for studying problem solving |
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| taboos: ripping dollar in half. (watson and crick, discovery of DNA) |
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| a strategy that OFTEN but not always is helpful in solving problems |
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| Chimp (Sultan), banana reach, turned 2 sticks into one long one.. INSIGHT |
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| tendency to use object in typical way, i.e. Karl Dunckner: candle problem and 2 string problem |
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| set of choices at each step, actual possibilities, determined by problem |
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| set of choices at each step, actual possibilities, determined by problem |
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| a set of choices, EVALUATED at each step, DETERMINED by solver, how person internally represents the problem |
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| methods for studying problem solving |
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| latency& accuracy, intermediate products (steps to solve puzzle), verbal protocol (have subjects think aloud), computer simulation, measure of sufficiency, search and representative |
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| measures if computer program can solve problem |
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| 4 problem solving strategies |
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| means-end analysis, forming subgoals, working backwards, analogies and analogical transfer. |
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| a set of rules that will always solve the problem if correctly followed (i.e. rules of multiplication) |
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