Term
| What is the Traingular Theory? |
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Definition
There are 3 distinct components of love: passion, intimacy, comitment
This leads to 7 possible types of love:
liking, compassion, empty, romantic, fatuous, infatuation, consummate. |
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Term
| What is the love styles theory? |
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Definition
6 distinct love styles:
Eros (passionate)
Ludus (uncommitted)
Storge (Friendship)
Mania (obsessive)
Pragma (Practical)
Agape (selfless) |
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Term
| What is Arousal Attribution theory? |
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Definition
When you misinterpret something as romantic love.
Involves excitation transfer. |
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Term
| What is excitation transfer? |
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Definition
| Occurs when the arousal caused by one stimulus is added to the arousal from a second stimulus and the combined aarousa is attributed to the second stimulus. (Attraction to Physiological state.) |
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Term
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Definition
| We like people who are present when we recieve an award. (Classical conditioning - stimulus present) |
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Term
| What is the Social exchange theory on attraction? |
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Definition
| People are happiest in their relationships when the benfits are greater than costs. |
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Term
| What is Comparison Level in attraction? |
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Definition
| the expected outcome of relationship, meaning the extent to which a person expects his or her relationships to be rewarding. |
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Term
| What are four styles of conflict that are particularily damaging in marriages? |
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Definition
Critiscism
Contempt; acting as if repulsed by partner
Defensiveness
Stonewalling; emotionally withdrawing
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Term
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Definition
| Helping without expectation of personal gain. |
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Term
| How does kinship influence helping? |
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Definition
| We are more liekly to help those that we are genetically related to. |
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Term
| How does evidence of pro social behaviour influence helping? |
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Definition
| People help others to increase the chance that they, in turn, will be helped by those others. |
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Term
| Why are men more likely to help in life and death situations? |
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Definition
Men experience fewer costs to helping than women do
Women prefer risk-prone behaviour |
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Term
| How does personality influence helping? |
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Definition
| Agreeableness is the characteristic that predicts altruism. |
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Term
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Definition
| behaving in a way that benefits a genetic relative's chance of survival or reproduction at some to one's chances. |
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Term
| What is reciprocal altruism? |
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Definition
| acting in a way that benefits an unrelated individual at some expense to oneself. With the expectation that the recipient will return such assistance in the future. |
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Term
| What is intergroup behaviour? |
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Definition
| Whenever individuals belonging to one group interact, collectively or individually, with another group or its members in terms of their group identification. |
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Term
| What is social cognition? |
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Definition
| Expected outcomes when groups come together. |
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Term
| What is natural categorization? |
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Definition
| Difference between categories that is something inherited in those categories. |
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Term
| What is category accentuation? |
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Definition
| After categories are formed there is a tendency to exaggerate the difference between two categories. |
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Term
| What is Egoistic Relative Deprivation? |
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Definition
| When you compare your own circumstances with others. |
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Term
| What is fraternalistic deprivation? |
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Definition
| When you compare your group circumstances with other groups. |
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Term
| Why do we act to benefit others? |
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Definition
a) we care about the welfare of others (altruistic motivation)
b)we care about ourselves |
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Term
| What is the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Refers to feeling empathy for a person in need which leads to an altruistic movement to relieve that feeling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaving in a way that benefits genetic relative's chances of survival or reproduction at some to one's own chances. |
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Term
| What is Reciprocal Altruism? |
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Definition
| Acting in a way that benefits an unrelated individual at some expense to oneself. With the expectation taht the recipient will return such assistance in the future. |
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Term
| What is the decision making process model? |
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Definition
| Describes altruistic behaviour as a function of five steps. |
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Term
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Definition
1: notice something is happening
2: INterpret it as an emergency
3: Take resposibility for providing help
4: decide how to help
5: Provide help |
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Term
| What is Pluralistic Ignorance? |
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Definition
| each person is looking to others to determine how to judge the situation, no one wants to be seen as the person who overreacts. |
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Term
| What is diffusion of responsibility? |
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Definition
| The belief that other peeople present in the situation will assume responsibility, which contributes to the bystander effect. |
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Term
| What is the bystander effect? |
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Definition
| The situation whereby people are less likely to help in emergency situations when there are other people present than if the person whocould help is alone. |
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Term
| What is the arousal/cost reward model? |
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Definition
| a model taht describes helping behaviour as caused in part by physiolocial arousal people experience when they see someone in need of help and in part by their calculation of the costs and rewards of providing such help. |
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Term
| What is the good mood effect? |
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Definition
| refers to finding that helping behaviour increases when people are in a good mood. |
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Term
| What is the Urban Overload hypothesis? |
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Definition
| because people in cities are exposed to greater stimulation, they have a desire to keep to themselves more and this causes them to be less-helpful. |
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Term
| What is the empathy altruism hypothesis? |
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Definition
| The idea we feel empathy for a person, we will help that person even if we believe we will risk a cost in doing so. |
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Term
| What is the negative state relief hypothesis? |
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Definition
| a hypothesis that people are motivated to helpother in order to relieve their own negative feelings. |
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Term
| What is Freud's death wish theory? |
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Definition
| Believed that people possess a powerful death wish or drive. in order to cope with this unconscious state, people need to channel this energy in some direction. Aggression or self-destruction. |
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Term
| What is the aggressive instinct theory? |
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Definition
| People have innate desires to be aggressive towards others. The instinct towards aggression develops becuse only aggressive animals can that they and their offspring will survive. |
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Term
| What is the hydraulic theory of aggression? |
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Definition
| We store up aggressive energy and that energy needs to be released. |
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Term
| What is emotional or hostile aggression? |
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Definition
| refers to aggression that is inflicted simply to cause harm. |
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Term
| What is instrumental aggression? |
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Definition
| refers to inflicting harm in order to obtain some goals or something of value. |
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Term
| What is the frustratino aggression theory? |
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Definition
| a theory that frustration always leads to the desire to behave aggressively, and that aggression is caused by frustration. |
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Term
| What is the cognitive neoassociation theory? |
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Definition
| proposes that any event that leads to negative affects, such as heat, can lead to aggression. |
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Term
| What is the excitation theory of aggression? |
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Definition
| aggression is influenced by the intensity of arousal and the tye of emotion provided by the stimulus. |
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Term
| What is the general aggression model? |
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Definition
| a model proposing that both individual differences and situational factors lead to aggression- related thoughts or physiological arousal. |
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Term
| What is mirror image perception? |
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Definition
| each group sees it's own behaviour as caused by the actions of the other side. |
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Term
| What is realistic deprivation? |
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Definition
| The belief that one's resources are directly threatened by people in other groups. |
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Term
| What are the three pre conditions for relative deprevation? |
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Definition
a) Not possessing X
b) Wanting X
c) Feeling entitled to X |
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Term
| What is allports contact hypothesis? |
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Definition
| one of the simplest most effective ways to resolve group conflict is to increase intercation between people in different hroup with equal status meeting. |
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Term
| What is the common group identity model? |
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Definition
| a reduction in prejudice is more likely when group members believe they have a shared identity. |
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Term
| What is linear acculturation? |
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Definition
| based on teh assumption that as individuals learn values and behaviours of new culture, they lose their original cultural values. |
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Term
| What is pluralism acculturation? |
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Definition
| as new members assimilate, they can maintain their heritage while also adapting to new one. |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain own and participate in new |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| abandon own, participate in new |
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Term
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Definition
| not maintain own or participate in new |
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Term
| What is explicit self-esteem? |
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Definition
| self-esteem that one has expressed about oneself |
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Term
| What is implicit self-esteem? |
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Definition
| one's evaluation of oneself that may exist largely outside of awareness. |
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Term
| What is self -dominanace orientation? |
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Definition
| a personality trait that indicates preference for maintaining hieracrchy both within groups and between groups. |
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Term
| What is illusory correlation? |
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Definition
| the tendency to over estimate the association between variables. |
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Term
| What is the ultimate attribution error? |
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Definition
| peoples tendency to make different attributions for success and failure. |
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Term
| What is the contrast effect? |
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Definition
people percieve stimuli that are different fromexpectations as more different than they actually are
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Term
| What is the shifting standards model of the contrast effect? |
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Definition
| people within a group are more often compared to other within that group |
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Term
| What is perceptual confirmation? |
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Definition
| teh tendency to see things in line with one's expectations. |
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Term
| What is confirmation bias? |
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Definition
| the tendency to search for information that supports one's initial view |
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Term
| What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? |
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Definition
| peoples expectations notonly lead them tosee things in line with their expectations, but also interact with people ina way that elicit teh expectaed behaviour. |
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Term
| What is stereotype threat? |
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Definition
| refers to the fear that one's behaviours may confirm an existing cultural stereotype |
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Term
| What is the rejection identification model? |
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Definition
| a model that suggests people in disadvantaged groups experience a negative impact in their well-being. |
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Term
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Definition
| feelings of hostility toward women based on their threat to man power |
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Term
| What is benevolent sexism/ |
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Definition
| having positive but patronizing views of women |
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Term
| What is aversive prejudice? |
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Definition
| conscious endorsement of unprejudiced beliefs about a group while at the same time holding unconscious negative attitudes toward that group. |
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Term
| What is an auto-stereotype? |
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Definition
| a stereotype that one holds about one's own group |
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Term
| What is a hetero-stereotype? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat is a meta-stereotype? |
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Definition
| a person's belief about the stereotypes that outgroup members hold abotu perosn's own group. |
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