Term
| Developmental Psychology (major themes of development) |
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Definition
| Study of continuity and change across the life span(continuity and change) |
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Term
| Outline stages of development that takes place prenatally. |
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Definition
| Zygote, then three STAGEs: germinal, embryonic, fetal. Placenta is ____ |
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Term
| How teratogens and alcohol exposure can affect developing fetus |
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Definition
• Teratogens - agents that can harm the process of development, like drugs and viruses. Chemicals and substances in water, air, food (e.g., lead, mercury) have been of concern for years but are being better controlled due to a better understanding of their effects. However, alcohol, drugs (illegal, prescription, and over-the-counter), and illnesses (e.g., influenza) continue to be serious problems
• Fetal alcohol syndrome is a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy... it increases the risk of physical birth defects, especially with respect to the shape and size of the head, the structure of the brain, and the functioning of the heart. Children with fetal alcohol syndrome frequently exhibit mental retardation (FAS is one of the leading non-genetic causes of mental retardation in this country) and have more problems with academic achievement than other children. Also associated with depression, irritability, hyperactivity, and delayed motor development. While degree of impairment has been shown to be related to the amount of alcohol consumed by a pregnant woman, current studies suggest that even normal social drinking can have enduring negative effects on children, including deficits in IQ, reaction time, motor skills, attention span, and math skills, as well as impulsive, antisocial, and delinquent behavior. |
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Term
| Infancy (definition) and motor development during ^ |
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Definition
| stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months |
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Term
| Cephalocaudal Rule? and Proximodistal rule? how apply to motor development during period |
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Definition
1. Cephalocaudal rule - (or the “top-to-bottom” rule), which describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
2. Proximodistal rule - (or the “inside-to-outside” rule), which describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery |
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Term
| Who was Jean Piaget? What were his four stages of cognitive development, and which milestones characterize each? |
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Definition
| a Swiss biologist who studied mistakes children made when confronted with cognitive problems, is widely considered the father of developmental psychology. STAGES: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
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Term
| Assimilation? and Accommodation? |
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Definition
1) occurs when infants apply their schemas in novel situations (interpreting new experiences in terms of existing theories of the world without changing them… like knowing and following rules)
2) occurs when infants revise their schemas in light of new information ((changing existing theories to explain new experiences… changing yourself to fit a new experience) |
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Term
| Children's cognitive journey from egocentrism to developing theory of mind |
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Definition
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Term
| Four attachment styles between infant and primary caregiver |
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Definition
| Attachment Styles: Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized |
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Term
| Who was Lawrence Kohlberg? What were his stages of moral development, and what measure did he use to track a child’s moral development? |
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Definition
| offered a detailed theory of the development of moral reasoning, which he felt proceeds through three stages. Each stage represents a characteristic pattern of reasoning loosely tied to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Kohlberg based his theory on people’s responses to a series of moral dilemmas. Kohlberg was interested in a person’s reasoning, not necessarily their answer (STAGES: preconventional, conventional, postconventional) |
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Term
| Primary and secondary sex characteristics that girls and boys during adolescence |
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Definition
Primary - bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction (maturation of ovaries and testes, sperm and egg production)
Secondary - bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction (e.g., body hair, voice changes, shoulder-widening in boys, breast/hip development in girls)... all tied into release of sex hormones estrogen and testosterone |
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Term
| Explanations for development of sexual orientation |
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Definition
o Adrenal androgen plays a role in sparking sexual interest- production spikes at same age for boys and girls even though girls hit puberty earlier on average
Religious traditions and social norms play leading role.
Sex activity follows script order |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior |
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Term
| Aggression? Frustration-aggression princple? examples of forms of aggression |
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Definition
Aggression - behavior whose purpose is to harm another
F-A principle - people aggress when their goals are thwarted
TYPES of aggression
- premeditated (consciously decide use aggression to achieve their goals)
-Impulsive - aggress spontaneously and without premeditation |
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Term
| Cooperation? and Altruism? |
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Definition
Cooperation - behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
Altruism - behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself |
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Term
| Mere Exposure Effect? its impact on mate selection |
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Definition
| tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure |
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Term
| Why physical attributes of primary importance in interpersonal attraction? What is attractive in male/female? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences of women and men in criteria for selection of mate |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychologists research and conceptualization of LOVE? |
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Definition
Passionate love - involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction.
Companionate love - involving affection, trust and concern for a partner's well-being |
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Term
| How being in group impacts you? obedience, conformity, pro-social behavior, social loafing, bystander intervention, and diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
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Term
| In-groups? and Out-groups? |
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Definition
IN - category/group that person is member
OUT - category/group that person is not a member |
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Term
| research on STEREOTYPES; Prejudice? and Discrimination? |
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Definition
Stereotypes - people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories in which other belong
prejudice - positive/negative evaluation of another person based on group membership
Discrimination - positive/negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership |
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Term
| Observer Effect?;;; Situational and depositional attributions |
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Definition
Observer Effect - tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others
Situational attributions - when we decide that a person's behavior was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which it happened (He was lucky the wind carried the ball into the stands)
Dispositional - when we decide that a person's behavior was caused by his relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way (he's got a great eye and a powerful swing) |
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Term
| Cognitive dissonance? and Correspondence bias? |
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Definition
CD - an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her action, attitudes, or beliefs
CB - tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilized egg - single cell containing both chromosomes (M/F) |
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Term
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Definition
| First two weeks of pregnancy- cell division of zygote, implantation, and formation of placenta (structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother) take place... half of pregnancies end here, usually unknown to the mother |
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Term
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Definition
| Two weeks through two months- zygote becomes an embryo; female-like embryos become masculinized with testosterone production; formation of most vital organs and organ systems (time of great vulnerability- any problems can be devastating for development) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ninth week until birth (about 40 weeks)- the muscles and bones begin to form and movement starts; body grows rapidly in the last three months; brain becomes much more complex with brain cells multiplying rapidly during the final 3 months and myelination - the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| - the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| physically links the bloodstreams of the mother and the developing embryo or fetus and permits the exchange of materials. As such, anything the mother ingests (or fails to ingest), absorbs, or contracts during pregnancy can affect fetal development- biggest concerns are with nutrition, drug/alcohol use, and illness |
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Term
| Motor develoment during infancy |
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Definition
| the emergence of the ability to execute physical actions such as reaching, grasping, crawling, and walking. Infants develop these skills at different rates depending on cultural, social, physical, and individual factors but always in the same sequence, implying a genetic programming or blueprint. Developmental norms are average ranges of motor development that individual infants can be compared to... Interestingly, these ranges vary somewhat by country/culture |
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Term
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Definition
| are specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation. For example, the rooting reflex is the tendency for infants to move their mouths toward any object that touches their cheek, and the sucking reflex is the tendency to suck any object that enters their mouths. Hardwired instincts that promote survival |
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Term
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Definition
| is the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible. Piaget noted that in the first few months of life, infants act as though objects stop existing the moment they are out of sight |
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Term
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Definition
| is the tendency to focus on just one property of an object to the exclusion of all others. Whereas adults can consider several properties at once, children focus on only one at a time |
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Term
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Definition
1) failure to understand the world appears differently to different observers
2) belief that all things are living, just like onself |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that human behavior is guided by mental representations, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently. This ability appears to be heavily tied to language development, especially language about thoughts and feelings, as it has been shown that autistic and deaf children (both delayed in communication ability) lag far behind in development of a theory of mind |
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Term
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Definition
| (60% of americans). If these infants are distressed when their caregiver leaves the room, they go to her promptly when she returns and are quickly calmed by her proximity... They seem to regard their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore |
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Term
| Avoidant attachment style |
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Definition
| 20% of Americans). These infants are generally not distressed when their caregiver leaves the room, and they generally do not acknowledge her when she returns |
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Term
| Ambivalent attachment style |
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Definition
| (15% of americans) These infants are almost always distressed when their caregiver leaves the room, and they go to her promptly when she returns. But then they rebuff their caregiver’s attempt to calm them, arching their backs and squirming to get away when their caregiver tries to comfort them |
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Term
| Disorganized attachment style |
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Definition
| (5% of americans) These infants show no consistent pattern of responses. They may or may not be distressed when their caregiver leaves, they may or may not go to her when she returns, and their reactions are often contradictory. For example, they may look fearful as they approach their caregiver, they may be calm when she leaves and then suddenly become angry, or they may simply freeze and appear confused or disoriented |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor. Moral decisions are focused on external authority and are designed to avoid punishment or get rewards... egocentric in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| which is a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules. Moral decisions are focused on the approval/disapproval of others and societal rules. Children at this stage are concerned more about this than any individual punishment. Immoral actions are those for which one is socially condemned |
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Term
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Definition
| which is a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values, such as the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Moral decisions are based on abstract reasoning that goes beyond law to one’s personal code of ethics. When a behavior violates these principles, it is immoral, and if a law requires these principles to be violated, then it should be disobeyed. |
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