Term
|
Definition
relatively permanent change in the state of the organism (or it's behavior) resulting from experience
linked to memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innate connection between a stimulus and a subsequent response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
repeated presentation of stim. results in gradual reduction in response
simple form of learning, but not very permanent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
learning to make a reflext response to stimulas other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
neutral stim. evokes response after being paird with a stim. that naturally evokes a response
Pavlov |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- CS comes before UCS
- CS and UCS come close together in time
- neutral stim must be paired with UCS several times before conditioning can take place
- CS = usually stim that is distinctive or stands out from other stim
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to respond to a stim that is only similar to the original conditioned stim with the conditioned response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stim that is similar to the original conditioned stim because the similar stim is never paired with the UCS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conditioned aversion (injection of toxic substance) will occur with a CS that is a distinctive smell or taste but not with visual auditory or tactile stim
- can occur when the US is administered when animal is unconscious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses |
|
|
Term
| Thorndike's Law of Effect |
|
Definition
| law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated and if followed by an unpleasant consequence it will tend not to be repeated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behaviorist - study observable, measurable behavior
gave operant conditioning its name (operant: voluntary behavior)
learning depends on what happens after the response (consequence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired more complex behavior |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
|
Definition
| something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned response (UR) |
|
Definition
| reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditional stim |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| stim. that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned response (CR) |
|
Definition
| reaction that resembles an unconditional response but is produced by a conditional stim. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together (period of association bet. CS and US) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus was substituted |
|
|
Term
| Successive approximations |
|
Definition
| small steps in behavior one after the other that lead to a particular goal behavior (associated with shaping) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- goal = to create new response to stim that doesn't normally produce that response
- responses = involuntary, reflexive
- antecedent stim are important in forming association
- CS must occur immediately before US
- expectancy develops for US to follow CS
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- goal = increase the rate of an already occurring response
- responses = voluntary
- consequences are important in forming association
- reinforcement must be immediate
- expectancy develops for reinforcement to follow correct response
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need such as hunger, thirst or touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer such as praise, tokens or gold stars |
|
|
Term
| Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same |
|
|
Term
| Variable schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| schedule of rein. in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event |
|
|
Term
| Fixed interval schedule of rein. |
|
Definition
| sched. of rein. in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same |
|
|
Term
| Variable interval sched. of rein. |
|
Definition
| sched. of rein. in which the interval time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rein. of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stim. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rein. of a response by the removal/escape from/avoidance of an unpleasant stim. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the addition of something unpleasant (punishment by application) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking away of something valued or desirable (punishment by removal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recovery of a learned response, post-extinction, after a rest period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior |
|
|
Term
| Learning/performance distinction |
|
Definition
| referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theories a child develops through interaction with environment about how the physical/social worlds operate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in which child applies existing schemas to an event/object in a new or novel situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in which child modifies relevant existing schema if new experience doesn't fit the schema |
|
|
Term
| Sensorimotor period (cog. devel.) |
|
Definition
| stage 1: coordination of sensory input/motor responses, devel. of object permanence, birth to 2 years |
|
|
Term
| Preoperational period (cog. devel.) |
|
Definition
| stage 2: development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, egocentrism; 2 to 7 years |
|
|
Term
| Concrete operational period (cog. devel.) |
|
Definition
| stage 3: mental operations applied to concrete events, master of conversation, hierarchical classification; 7 to 11 years |
|
|
Term
| Formal operational period (cog. devel.) |
|
Definition
| stage 4: mental operations applied to abstract ideas, logical systematic thinking; 11 to adulthood |
|
|
Term
| Preconventional morality (moral devel.) |
|
Definition
| level 1: (up to age 10) morality of action determined by consequences |
|
|
Term
| Conventional morality (moral devel.) |
|
Definition
| level 2: (by 13 years) morality of an action determined by conformity to social rules |
|
|
Term
| Postconventional morality (moral devel.) |
|
Definition
| level 3: requires formal operational thinking; morality of an action determined by general principles that reflect core values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contact electrodes detect rotation/elevation of the eyeball (measures eye movement) |
|
|
Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
|
Definition
| contact electrodes detect massed activity of neurons at the surface of the cortex (brain wave activity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contact electrodes detect degree of muscle tone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid eye movement, paradoxical sleep, high level of brain activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apparent topic/superficial meaning of a dream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underlying meaning of a dream |
|
|
