same as short term –hold info up to 30 seconds

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

Bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory

A memory strategy that involves relating new information to something that is already known

Involves facts, information, and personal life events, such as a trip to a foreign country.

Stores general knowledge or objective facts and information

Identifying material as familiar or as having been encountered before

Information is easier to recall  when a person is in the same environmental context they were in when they learned it

Integrated framework of knowledge and assumptions about people, objects, and events 

Especially important in forming episodic memories, Memories can be retrieved without hippocampal involvement, Involved in creating intricate neural spatial maps

Inability to form long-term memories of an event occurring after brain injury or surgery

activates during emotional episodes and may explain the intensity and durability of flashbulb memories

occurs when the conditioned stimulus are linked together to form a series of signals

Weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the Conditional Stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Reappearance of an extinguished response after exposure to the original CS following a rest period

Tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS

Discrimination-

- usually occur between 2 and 3 years old

 taste aversion, using maple ice cream

- Reinforcement determines probability of behavior

 Consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response

-The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response

- An unpleasant condition is terminated or avoided, The probability of a desired response is increased by removing an unpleasant stimulus when the correct response is made

 Shaking of a vending machine, the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of withheld reinforcement

- the prize or thing gotten for behaving well of responding correctly

Misbehaving child is removed for a short time from sources of positive reinforcement in an attempt to extinguish the unwarranted behavior

- Reinforcement given after a fixed number of correct responses, an effective way to maintain a high response rate

- Reinforcement given following a correct response after a specific time interval has passed

- Reinforcement given after the first correct response that follows a varying amount of time, Based on average time

- Suppresses behavior when agent is present, Does not teach more appropriate behavior, can lead to aggression, person can  become fearful, angry, hostile toward punisher

 necessary to stop destructive behavior, Factors that influence: its timing, intensity, and the consistency of application. Should be done immediately after inappropriate behavior, Just intense enough, Must be consistent, Must be more punishing than reward of behavior, Should be followed by reward later on if change of behavior is to occur

- Performing a behavior because it prevents or terminates an aversive stimulus- taking an aspirin to avoid a headache

- Coming to dinner table when mothers voice reaches a certain pitch

- A passive resignation to aversive conditions learned through repeated exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversive events

- A program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges

 Misbehaving child is removed for a short time from sources of positive reinforcement in an attempt to extinguish the unwarranted behavior

The sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem situation, which makes the solution apparent

 Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so

 Another name for observational learning

 Exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation

- Observing model get punished is more likely to trigger a person to avoid doing the behavior- Tiger Woods- taken away endorsements for having an affair

imprints powerful and enduring memories surrounding threatening situations

The strongest and most lasting memories are usually fueled by

Information is not put into long-term memory

Decay Theory Memories not used will fade with time and ultimately disappear

 Information or associations stored hinder the memory

Any disruption in the consolidation process that prevents a long-term memory from forming

Loss of memory for experiences that occurred shortly before a loss of consciousness

- Suppression or repression in an effort to protect from material that is painful, frightening, or otherwise unpleasant

 Removing unpleasant memories from one’s consciousness, so that one is no longer aware that a painful event occurred

 Partial or complete loss of memory due to loss of consciousness, brain damage, or psychological cause

-Not remembering to carry out some intended action

Not remembering something one is certain of knowing

Take the first letter of each item to be remembered and form a word, a phrase, or a sentence with those letters

given the information rhythm to help memory

- give information  a pattern

 Practicing or studying material beyond the point where it can be repeated once without error

 Learning in short practice sessions with rest periods in between

saying it over and over till you know it