Term
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Definition
-intentionally tried to develop a new field of psychology (experimental psyc)
-wrote: Principles of Physiological Psychology (biggest title in psyc history)
-worked with Robert Bunsen (created the bunsen burner); experimented on self w/ salt intake and urine concentration
-originally a physician but not comfortable w/ people,loved research
-worked in the lab of Muller and du Bois-Reymond (also w/ Helmholtz)
-requested the first lab space @ Leipzig in 1875 : at the same time psyc labs opened at : John Hopkins (Granville Stanley Hall), Columbia (James Cattall), and Harvard (William James)
-Structuralism:what is the mind composed of?
-tried to develop standardized procedures for lab research
-1st publication of Journal of Psychology (Philosophical Studies) |
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Definition
Wilhelm Wundt
-the amount of time it takes to perform some mental process
-known today as Reaction Time
-started in astronomy with Freidrich Bassel (had to accurately record positions of objects in sky-time ad space, and it was harder for some people over others)
-Bassel said there may be different reaction times for different people: Personal Equation |
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Franciscus Donders
1818-1889 |
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Definition
-Subtractive Procedure: measure of mental time, used by WUNDT
-3 consuming steps to reaction time:sensory signal to reach the brain, central processing, and motor signal all take time to occur
-the more complex the task, the longer the reaction time; subtract them
-Discrimination task: more than one stimulus to react to
Choice Task: more than one response to elicit
-wanted to find a principle that applied to all, but this varies by the individual |
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Term
| Wilhelm Wundt and Introspection |
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Definition
-Introspection: reporting what goes on in the mind, interpretations
-a problem because of the interpretation people gave- wanted immediate responses
-called the Stimulus Error
-addressed: Sensation and Emotion; for sensations he wanted characteristics to be reported and emotions differ along 3 dimensions: pleasantness, excitement/depression and tension/relaxation
-every sensation has with it an emotion
-fundamental view of mind was : dynamic, creative, always changing
-even if we find all the pieces, mind is still unpredictable (Creative Synthesis)
-Apperception: we choose to apperceive or what to pay attention to
-Perception: fundamental and tied directly to the experience |
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Term
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Definition
-disliked Wundt's emotion research, interested in Apperception/perception
-tried to measure how big our apperception store is (Short-Term Memory)
-there is a limit to what we can remember(use apperception as our ability to make sense of the stimulus)
-recognize/remember info better when it is meaningful
-developed the Fachistoscope to present stimuli quickly and accurately
-so being able to get meaning from a stimuli (words in his case) is apperception and random letters are perception |
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Term
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Definition
Wundt: developed because mind is unpredictable
-a way to study higher processes by observation in in natural habitat
-similar to folk, people and cultural psychologies
-highest mental traits can be accessed by lab experience
-look at what these mental abilities provide |
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Herman Ebbinghaus
1850-1909 |
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Definition
-got into psyc after reading Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics
-tried to show could study higher mental processes in the lab
-Learning in Memory: studied verbal learning (experimented on self over the years)
-the meaningfulness of info affects the ability to learn/remember
-believed learning to be passive, determined by repitition
-Method of Complete Mastery: differentiated between learning and memory, method of measurement was repetition (number of times seen before)
*Memory Curve: forget a lot immediately then slower over time
-Overlearning: levels of learning, if over learn something, will remember it (i.e. own phone number etc)
-wrote: On Memory
-established 2nd experimental journal for psyc : Journal of psychology and physiology of the Sense Organs
-Saving Method: going over list is easier each subsequent time |
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Term
George Elias Muller
1850-1934 |
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Definition
-agreed with Ebbinghaus
-gave us the Memory Drum; modified chronograph, could very quickly and accurately present verbal stimuli
-Learning is not passive of automatic but ACTIVE
-Preparatory Set: attitude and motivation directly affect learning
-asked people to introspect after experiment and learned that they were actively trying to learn, more interested = learn better |
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Term
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Definition
-in charge of Wundt's lab
-went to Wurzburg and named his type of psyc after it: Wurzburg Psychology
-not interested in content of mind but what the mind can do
-introspection technique: Systematic Experimental Introspection
-Imageless Thought: not all thoughts (language) are mental images (disagreed with Wundt)
-School of Imageless Thought
-called Preparatory Set the Mental Set(motivation affects learning) |
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Term
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Definition
-Charles Darwin's Grandfather
-physician and rationalist; origin of life created bt god
-god also created natural forces/laws that work on life and bring about change : Transmutation of Species
-wrote long poems on his p.o.v. : Evolutionary Theory
-not very famous, works not really taught |
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Term
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1749-1832 |
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Definition
-naturalistic, interested in plants, maybe plants change through time
-presented this idea in: Metamorphosis of parts - species are not fixed but change over time
-applied this theory to animals
-not very famous, works not really taught |
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Term
Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monel de Lamarck
1744-1829 |
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Definition
-the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics: plants and animals change throughout time (as their habitats shift so do they), change and pass on acquired traits to their offspring
-known today to be FALSE because acquired characteristics are not in DNA (does not work with genetics)
-more famous/ influential than Goethe and Erasmus Darwin |
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Definition
-monk, founder of GENETICS
-experimented with garden peas
-Principles of Inheritance- discusses recessive/dominant genes
-wasn't given credit until work was rediscovered in 20th cent |
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Robert Charles Darwin
1809-1882 |
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Definition
-as a student had little promise, married his cousin, lived a life of leisure
-Nature was his passion, beetle collection club (vast collection)
-The Beagle: 5yr voyage w Robert Fitzray to map South America
-saw people in their natural habitats, thought of as savages and apelike , helped him see how close humans are to animals
-Finches were the key to evolution (Galapagos)-different islands had different finches depending on the vegetation (physical traits corresponded with habitat)
-sent many samples back to England to study when he returned
-wrote a few books, gace theory to lawyer to publish after his death to avoid controversy |
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Term
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Definition
Sir Charles Lyell:
1)the physical features of the earth have emerged by natural forces so why can't animals be altered by physical forces too
2)suggested the earth was VERY ancient, maybe millions of years (at time thought to be 6000yrs)
-controversial because thought to be made by god but book claims otherwise
*this greatly influenced Charles Darwin (on Beagle Voyage) |
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Term
| Essay on the Principles of Population |
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Definition
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
-observing that population growth is exponential not linear (economic growth is linear)
-Struggle for survival because of limited resources
*influenced Darwin |
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Term
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Definition
-captured animals (naturalist)
-sent manuscript to Darwin for review but they both had the same ideas so agreed to present works at a scientific conference on the same day
-Darwin published first so got credit : On the Origin of Species (1859)- natural selection |
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Term
On the Origin of Species
1859 |
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Definition
Darwin; natural selection: 6 premises:
1)over production: all species have the ability to vastly overproduce
2)the animal struggle for survival
3)random variation:members of a species differ from each other (principle of random variation)
4)natural selection: Herbert Spencer came up with survival of the fittest
5)Inheritance of Random Variation (genetics)
6)emergence of new species: if accept 1-5 as true then 6 is inevitable, cannot be static and unchanging |
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Term
| Theory of Contiguity of the Mind |
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Definition
Darwin
-humans are an extension of the animal kingdom
-mind is not just a binary thing
1)some human mental traits are inherited: intelligence and emotions
2)animals have a mental life- a mind: animal/comparative psychology-study of animals to learn about human mind |
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Term
| The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals |
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Definition
Darwin
-we inherit a lot of emotional processes:(1)emotions as we behave (display)(2)feelings-subjective experience of the emotions inherited
-if humans inherit emotional expressions from ancient ancestors than all emotions should be universally the same |
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Term
| Bases of Darwin's Emotions Theory |
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Definition
1)direct action of the Nervous System: emotions is a physical process produced by the NS
2)Principles of Antithisis: opposite emotions produce opposite physical responses
3)Principles of Serviceable Associated Habits: if behavior response (emotional) works, then it will be repeated, it becomes involuntary/habitual, becomes a physical change that can be passed down |
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Term
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Definition
-Darwin's cousin, 1st to study the idea that intelligence is inherited
-spent life actively pursuing intellectual things
-Galton-Whistle: animals can hear higher pitches than people, older people loose ability to hear higher pitches
-1st to look at weather patterns, pressure systems, fronts etc
-tested intelligence based on the # of times a name is seen in publications : index of fame referred to as EMINENCE (those cited most are most famous thus most intelligent)
-but all were mail and British of German
-invented the Nature-Nurture concept (sided with nature)
-said we are born with native intelligence
-invented the correlation coefficient (termed Pearson's r)
-established the 1st Journal of Statistics
-compared Eminence to genealogy, found a correlation
-wrote Hereditary Genius
-started EUGENICS (breed smarter people)
-applied the theory of Eugenics and became known as Social Darwinism (very Hitler-like)
-1st to study individual differences between identical twins
-discovered Regression Toward the Mean
-1st to map South Central Africa
-did composite portraitures (overlap faces to find the "average")
-cited Quetelet's observations + called it Law of Deviation from the Average |
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Term
Adolphe Quetelet
1796-1874 |
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Definition
-Came up with the 1st statistical application of human data
-applied the theory of gaming
-where we see the 1st normal curve
-described in terms of deviation from the mean |
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Term
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Definition
-one of the 1st directors of Galton's Eugenics lab
-came up with the shorthand calculation of the correlation coefficient, termed (r)
-came up with the term "average man" which is nature's target |
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Term
| University College London for Eugenic Studies |
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Definition
-Galton's Eugenics lab that focued on a reliable way that people differ
-goal was to pick the best and push for their breeding |
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Term
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Definition
-career in studying IQ correlation in identical twins separated at birth
-found a very high correlation
-found to be a FRAUD, with missing or made up data |
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Term
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Definition
-criticized the Head Start program (for low SEC kids at high risk) because they are genetically incapable of benefiting from it
-proven wrong |
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Term
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Definition
-should select for desirable traits
-opened a sperm repository, had to be very intelligent to donate or use sperm
-eventually shut down due to samples being kept in car, some horse samples |
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Term
William Shockley
1910-1989 |
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Definition
-contributed to Graham's repository
-218 babies produced this way, most highly intellectual (but mother's forced this too)
-book written about it: The Genius Factory |
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Term
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Definition
-invented the label Comparative Psychology
-wrote Animal Intelligence claiming that animals have a mental life, tried to find examples of this
-technique not very scientific but anthropomorphic (having many explanations)
-raised a baby monkey and claimed many parallels to a baby human, recognized/remembered him always |
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Term
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Definition
-wrote Introduction to Comparative Psychology
-need to be more conservative and cautious than Romanes when claiming animal's mental life
-expressed this in Lloyd Morgan's Canon, if you can interpret animal behavior to be a simple mental trait, then you should, stronger evidence when more conservative
-more consistent with today's Comparative Psychology |
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Term
| Principles of Physiological Psychology |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Wilhelm Wundt
- what is the mind composed OF? |
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Term
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Definition
Franciscus Donders
-measure of mental time (used by Wundt) |
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Term
| Method of Complete Mastery |
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Definition
Ebbinghaus
-differentiated between learning and memory, repetition as form of measurement |
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Term
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Definition
George Elias Muller
-attitude and motivation affect learning |
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Term
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Definition
Oswald Kulpe
-went to wurzburg, psyc named after |
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Term
| Systematic Experimental Introspection |
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Definition
Oswald Kulpe
-type of introspection technique used |
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Term
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Definition
Oswald Kulpe
-not all thoughts (language) are images
-opened the School of Imageless thought |
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Term
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Definition
Oswald Kulpe
-same thing as preparatory set: motivation affects learning |
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Term
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Definition
Erasmus Darwin
-wrote long poems on his evolutionary theory |
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Term
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Definition
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
-species are not fixed but change over time |
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Term
| Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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Definition
Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monel de Lamarck
-plants and animals change throughout time as their environments change |
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Term
| who was the founder of genetics |
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Definition
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Term
| Principles of Inheritance |
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Definition
Gregor Johan Mendel
-discusses recessive/dominant genes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
George Romanes
-claim that animals have a mental life |
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Term
| Introduction to Comparative Psychology |
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Definition
Lloyd Morgan
-more conservative/cautious claim than Romanes about animals' mental life |
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