Psychological Disorders

a clinically behavioral and emotional/cognitive syndrome/pattern that occurs in an individual

Classification of Psychological Disorders

Multi-Axial

Axis I: Clinical Disorders

Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation

Axis III: General Medical Disorders

Axis IV: Psychological, Social, and Environmental Problems

Axis V: Global 

Culture Based affect on Psychological Disorder:

Subjective Experience

knowledge about psychological problems

 ~symptom recgonition

~interpretation

~labeling

~willingness to report

Culture Based affect on Psychological Disorder:

Diagnosis

includes professional and non-professional judgements

~Cultural Awareness=family, work, age, religion, gender, etc...

~Cultural Sensitivity= recgonition, self-awareness, respect

Characteristics of culture-based syndromes

~recurrent

~many viewed as "illness" 

Social Perception

the way we try to understand ourselves in relation to others and the world

Social Cognition

how we interpret, store, and use information about other people

Values

values drive our attitudes

Instrumental Values

~behavior

~means of achieving terminal

i.e.: caring toward others, hard work

Terminal Values

~goals

~life goals

~things you like to achieve

i.e.: happiness, security, peace, lasting friends

 Cognitive Dissonance

perceived mismatch between:

~2 or more decisions       ~2 or more attitudes

                ~attitudes and behaviors

Reducing Dissonance:

~embrace decision ~dismiss alternative ~dont think about decision

Locus of Control

approach to explaining causes of events in our lives to make the world seem safe

Internal: see events caused by uncontrollable internal factors

External: see events caused by controllable external factors

Self-Centered Bias

Unassuming Bias

Negative Sterotyping

when dealing with:

~race ~ethnicity ~gender ~religion

Positive Sterotyping

when dealing with:

~"model minority" (can still be harmful)

National Character

described as perceived predominant behavioral and psychological factors/traits common in most people of a nation

Developed by:

~war/conflict ~oppression/colonization ~wealth/poverty

Self-Perception

often reflects prominent characteristics of underlying culture:

~gender ~IQ ~social comparision ~height ~athletic ability ~body weight

In-group

Out-group

Social Status

Social Roles

Social Norms

Group Membership

equals cultural identity

BUT

not every group is important to cultural identity

~a change in membership can shift identity

~change in statuse can shift identity

Social Influence

Power

Types of Power

Formal- influence of laws, institutional rules

Informal- influence of people who aren't agents of formal

Soft-influence of ideas

Positive Sanctions

Negative Sanctions

Social Conformity

change in attitudes and/or behavior to adhere to a gorup/social norm

Benefits: avoid sanctions, sense of belonging

Cost:create cognitive dissonance, a set up for failure?

Obedience

• Doesnt require extreme situations.
• Obedience is typical of the weak, frustrated, or pathological, but also of "normal" ppl under psychologial pressure and when others assume responsibility for our actions

Stages of Development

Prenatal Period: Conception-Birth

Infancy: Birth-2yrs

Childhood: 2-12yrs

Adolescence: 12-20yrs

Adulthood: 20yrs-Beyond

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development

Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust

Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

Young Childhood: Initiative vs Guilt

Elementary School: Industry vs Inferiority

Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion

Young Adult: Intimacy vs Isolation

Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation

Old Age: Integrity vs Despair

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor: Birth-2yrs

Preoperational: 2-7yrs

Concrete Operational: 7-11yrs

Formal Operational: 11-15yrs

Health Disparities

Population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care.

Disparities Exist:

• in health
• in healthcare quality
• in healthcare access

Disparity Populations

• Racial and Ethnic Minorities
• Low Income Groups
• Women
• Children
• Older Adults
• Residents of Rural Areas
• Indiv. w/ Disabilities and Chronic Illnesses
• Men
• LGBT
• Veterans

High-Disparity Diseases

• Cardiovascular Disease
• Cancer
• Diabetes
• HIV/AIDS

Health Behavior Change:

Internal LOC:

• Understanding personal risk factors
• Screening accordingly
• Self-monitoring/management
• Adherence to increasingly complex treatment

Health Behavior Change:

Health Belief

• Beliefs about susceptibility
• Perceived severity of illness consequences
• Perceived barriers/cost
• Perceived beniefits of adopting behavior

Health Behavior Change:

Self-efficacy

• Belief that outcomes can be controlled
• Perceived external barriers to taking action

Ethical problems w/:

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

• Deception
• No informed consent
• Participation not voluntary
• Withholding of effective treatment
• Confidentiality
• Advanced death of participants

Belmont Report Principles

• Respect for persons
• Beneficence
• Justice

Key Concepts to Motivation

Motivation- a condition tht initiates, activates, or maintains the indiv. goal directed behavior.

Arousal- an internal state of sensory stimulation.

Drive-an internal aroused condition that directs an organism to satisfy some physiological need.

Need-a motivated state caused by physiological or psychological deprivation.

Theories of Motivation:

Evolutionary

the struggle for survival motivates people to compete for scarce resources

Those who have the motivation and skill to compete will succeed

Theories of Motivation:

Sociological

emphasizes the crucial role of social factors in determining individual motivation.

• Traditional (motivated by customs) vs Non Traditional (accomplishment of a goal)
• Conflict:socioeconomic conditions affect motivation, political conditions affect motivation

Theories of Motivation:

• Drive & Arousal
• Psychodynamic
• Humanistic
• Learning

Sexual Motivation

motivation to engage in sexual activity.

Regulated by:

• genetics
• biological maturity
• hormones
• laws
• customs
• norms

Sex Culture

beliefs, symbols, and norms related to sexuality.

Differ world wide:

• religious values
• political values
• moral values
• economic conditions

Achievement Motivation

social need to strive for, excellence, success, influence, and accomplishment

• Learned during childhood
• Acquired from parents who stress excellence and reward achievement
• Influenced by social & psychological factors later in life

Aggression Motivation

the desire to harm or injure others and takes many forms:

• physical abuse
• verbal abuse
• retaliation
• hostility

3 Componets of Emotion

Physiological Arousal

Behavioral Expression

Subjective Experience

James-Lange Theory

Physiological Experience (body) -> Phsyiological Arousal (brain) -> Emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotion and physiological response are simultaneous

Schachter & Singer

Emotion= physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation

Cognitive Theory

Purpose/Function of Emotion

Keeps us safe

Keeps us connected

Regulates behavior

Helps us prioritize

Physiology of Emotion

same physiological changes correlate w/ emotion

same body signals associated w/ emotion

use same facial muscles to communicate emotion

Emotion Recognition

Anger

Fear

Disgust

Suprise

Happiness

Sadness

Basic Term:

Culture

Basic Term:

Race

Basic Term:

Ethnicity

Basic Term:

Nationality

shared geography, history, and language

Basic Term:

Ethnocentrism

• evaluation from ones own outlook
• narrowed perception/exaggeration
• distortion of reality
• often occurs from the position of cultural majority

Basic Term:

• recognition of various social and cultural groups w/in a country
• equality for all social and cultural groups w/in a country
• right to follow values and practices of one's culture

Scientific Knowledge

derived from scientific research:

observation, measurement, evaluation, theory testing

Popular Knowledge

• commonly held beliefs
• individual opinions
• folk beliefs or "truisms" passed through generations
• may not have scientific basis

Ideological Knowledge

• values-based: good vs evil/right vs wrong
• stems from principles that are unquestioned
• doesn't require scientific evidence

Legal Knowledge

Purpose of Culture:

Evolutionary Approach

Think: Evolve

• Purpose: Promote Survival
• "Natural selection"

Purpose of Culture:

Sociological Approach

Think: "S"=shape

• Purpose: to shape future behavior or the process by which behavior is controlled/regualted

Purpose of Culture:

Ecocultural Approach

Think: 2 "C's"= change it, change ourselves

• Purpose: We interact w/ the environement, thus changing it and ourselves

Purpose of Culture:

Cultural Mixtures

Think: old->new

Purpose: researchers should switch their attention from traditional views to new cultural mixtures

Purpose of Culture:

Integrative Approach

Think: interaction