Term
| Sensation (v. Perception) |
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Definition
Meaningless sensory quality
ie. Color, flavor, pitch
Red (v. Red Car) |
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| Perception (v. Sensation) |
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Definition
Meaningful object/event
Awareness factor
Red Car (v. Red) |
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Definition
Mirroring of environment reflecting off a base surface
ie. reflecting white car off fender of blue car |
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| Light projecting visual stimuli onto the back of the eye (the retina) |
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| Our perceptions (mental awareness of 3D "square" figure) are more similar to the distal stimulus (cube) than the proximal stimulus (retinal image) they are based upon |
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400-700 nano-meters of electromagnetic frequency
Blue - Red |
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Definition
Smallest unit of light energy
Perceived by rods |
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Definition
To detect the AMOUNT OF LIGHT and WHERE it's located
(wavelength & intensity) |
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Definition
Made of ommatidia
Advantages: 360 degrees field of view
Disadvantages: poor resolution and proportionally large
eg. clams & insects |
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Definition
| Tubes with directional sensitivity (only sees light directly above it) topped with the corneal structure |
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Definition
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Clear lens that bends 80% of light entering eye.
Serves as protection for the eye |
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Definition
| Misshapen cornea - lines of different orientation will have different degrees of focus |
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Definition
Clear, jelly-like structure in front of iris and lens
Provides nutrition
Cycles every 4 hours |
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Definition
| Pressure builds in Aqueous Humor when ducts that cipher Aqueous Humor is restricted |
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Definition
Colored portion of the eye
Colored by melanin
Blue irises due to Rayleigh scattering |
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Definition
Hole between Iris
Changes amount of light that enters the eye
Vision is best when pupil is as small as possible
Size of pupil affected by amount of light and level of arousal |
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Definition
| A mirror on the back of the eye that causes cats and possum eyes to reflect differently |
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Definition
| Accommodates near/far focus by changing the curvature and thickness |
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Definition
| Visual image focused in front of the retina |
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Term
| Farsightedness (Hyperopia) |
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Definition
| Visual image focused behind the retina |
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Term
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Definition
Opacity in the lens; blurs image because it obstructs light coming into the eye
Can be surgically removed, or entire lens can be replaced |
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Definition
| Clear, jelly-like substance located behind the lens |
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Definition
| Parts of the Vitreous Humor become solid, casts shadow on retina |
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Definition
Object Size / Distance
V = 2arctan(Size/(2*Distance)) |
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Term
| Central Vision (breakdown) |
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Definition
Foveola = ± .5 degrees
Fovea = ± 2.5 degrees
Macula = ± 10 degrees
TOTAL CENTRAL VISION = 20 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
Anything beyond ± 10 degrees
Photoreceptors designed to detect motion, not detail |
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Definition
Color photoreceptors
Used in daytime |
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Definition
Most sensitive photoreceptor to light
Used in dark/nightvision |
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Definition
| Converting light energy values into a level of activity in receptor |
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Term
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Definition
In discs
A pigment that absorbs light with a specific chemical composition and in turn changes level of activity in cell
Rod = Rhodopsin
Cone = Photodopsin |
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Term
| Regimes of Light: Photopic |
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Definition
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Term
| Regimes of Light: Mesopic |
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Definition
Dusk/Dawn - Cones & Rods
Muted Color |
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Term
| Regimes of Light: Scotopic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Photopic --> Mesopic vision; Sensitivity to light starts shifting to short wavelengths |
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Definition
Neurons that change activity due to change in stimulus
FLAT TOP |
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Definition
| Neurons connected to muscles and affect the body |
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Definition
| Neurons that receive and pass information from and to neurons |
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Definition
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| Number of Photoreceptors in Retina |
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Definition
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Definition
Pass information out of the eye
800,000 in retina |
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Term
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Definition
Capacity of an excited neuron to inhibit a neuron beside it.
Horizontal & Amacrine Cells |
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Term
| Direction of Light onto Receptor Cells |
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Definition
Receptor
Bipolar / Horizontal
Ganglion / Amacrine
Optic Nerve
(Light direction going up) |
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Term
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Definition
How many connections you have to a bipolar cell
Fovea = 1:1
Periphery (Rods) = lots of convergence for light sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
Set by light
Melanopsin - Photopigment on ganglion cells that projects to hypothalamus' Suprachiasmic Nucleus (SCN) to set internal clock in every cell in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain Stem (Extension of the Spinal cord) |
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Term
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Definition
"Bridge" connecting the Cerebellum
Monitors Arousal |
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Definition
Fast, muscular coordination
70% of Neurons in CNS are in cerebellum |
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Definition
End/Top of brainstem
Controls eye and head reflexes |
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Definition
| Axons from 2 hemispheres crossing to other side |
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Definition
| Relay station of senses to parts of the brain (Smell excluded) |
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Definition
Outer brain tissue (Stuff you usually think of as the brain)
20% of Neurons in CNS |
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Definition
Covers axons & increases speed of action potentials
White Matter |
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Term
| Cells that communicate with midbrain consistently... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
6 layers
Visual information goes to 4th layer |
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Definition
Place electrode on single neuron to see what neuron registers
Measures cell firing rate
Can be amplified to hear cell firing |
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Term
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Definition
Arrangement of light with greatest firing rate
(ie. Center/Surround, Edge, Line, etc) |
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Term
| Where is the receptive field? |
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Definition
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Term
| Frog Eyes & Trigger Features (4) |
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Definition
Edge (Safety)
Moving Edge (Predator)
Dimming (Predator)
Convexity Detector/ Bug Detector (Prey) |
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Term
| Cat Eyes - Magnocellular (M-Cells) |
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Definition
| Detect motion, uniform across retina, transient (comes and goes) firing |
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Term
| Cat Eyes - Parvocellular (P-Cells) |
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Definition
| Detail, uniform light & spontaneous firing rate, sustained (not affected by time), high density around fovea |
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Term
| Primary Visual Cortex (4 layers) |
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Definition
Simple Cells (Layer 4) - Location & Orientation (Edges, Slit -+-, Line +-+)
Complex Cells (Layer 3) - Motion & Orientation (Edges, Slit, Line)
End-Stop Cells (Layers 1 and 2) - Finds ends of lines |
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Term
| Cortical Visual System - Dorsal Track |
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Definition
Primary Visual Cortex (Occipital Lobe)
Parietal Lobe "How"
Frontal Lobe |
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Term
| Cortical Visual System - Ventral Track |
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Definition
Primary Visual Cortex (Occipital Lobe)
Temporal Lobe "What"
Frontal Lobe |
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Term
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Definition
Damage to Temporal Lobe in Ventral Area
Inability to recognize shapes
Parietal function (grasping) is normal |
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Term
| Visual Associative Agnosia |
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Definition
Damage to Temporal Lobe
Shapes recognized, meaning impaired
Recognize letters, can't read words |
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Term
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Definition
Damage to Fusiform Gyrus (FFA)
Can't identify faces |
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Term
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Definition
Dorsal Injury to Parietal Lobe
Form Perception is normal, grasping impaired
Visual guidance of action disrupted |
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Term
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Definition
No visual awareness, yet intact parietal lobe could perform "impossible tasks" ~~ tracking light
Ganglia --> Pulvinar --> Parietal
(Bypasses Visual Cortex) |
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Term
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Definition
| 180 Degree opposite on color wheel |
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Term
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Definition
How much white is there?
Red v. Pink
Brown v. Yellow |
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Term
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Definition
Different colors
Red v. Green v. Blue v. Yellow |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Postulated 3 photoreceptors sensitive to 2 wavelengths of light (Blue, Green, Red / Short, Mid, Long) |
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Term
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Definition
Most common = red/green
Evolutionary advantage to having 3 cones = ability to pick ripe fruit v. old fruit & young leaves v. old leaves |
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Term
| Lateral Inhibition of Color |
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Definition
Every color induces its opposite (complementary) color in neighboring area
Blue v. Yellow
Red v. Green |
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Term
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Definition
Light turns On Cell ON
Light turns Off Cell OFF |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceived Reflectance (reflective value of the surface) |
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Term
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Definition
| All light being projected |
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Definition
| Reflected light off of surface |
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Term
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Definition
Reflection ratio of surface
r = j/i
r of 0.1 = dark surface (less reflectance, more absorption)
r of 0.8 = light surface (greater reflectance) |
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Definition
Real Edge; Different in reflectance value of 2 surfaces
LIGHTNESS |
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