Term
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Definition
Involved in the study of individual cases
(Particular Instances)
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Term
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Definition
Seeking to formulate laws that can be applied to everyone
(Generalizations)
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Term
What is the DEDUCTIVE Approach?
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Definition
The conclusions follow logically from the premises or assumptions.
Laws and Principles of Personality (Generalizations) → Behaviors and Characteristics of Individual (Particular Instances)
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Term
What is the INDUCTIVE Approach?
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Definition
Observations are systematically collected and concepts are developed based on what the date reveals.
Behaviors and Characteristics of Individual (Particular Instances) → Laws and Principles of Personality (Generalizations)
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Term
What are the 8 Basic Aspects of Personality?
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Definition
1. Psychoanalytic
2. Neo-Analytic/Ego
3. Biological
4. Behaviorist
5. Cognitive
6. Trait
7. Humanistic/Existential
8. Interactionist
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Term
What is the Psychoanalytic Aspect of Personality?
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Definition
This Aspect of Personality is an attention to unconscious influences; importance of sexual drives even in nonsexual spheres.
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Term
What is the Neo-Analytic/Ego Aspect of Personality?
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Definition
This Aspect of Personality is an emphasis on the self as it struggles to cope with emotions and dries on the inside and the demands of others on the outside.
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Term
What is the Biological Aspect of Personality?
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Definition
This Aspect of Personality is focused on tendencies and limits imposed by biological inheritance; easily combined with most other approaches.
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Term
What is the Behaviorist Aspect of Personality?
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Definition
This Aspect of Personality is an emphasis on a more scientific analysis of the learning experiences that shape personality.
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Term
What is the Cognitive Aspect of Personality?
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Definition
This Aspect of Personality is an emphasis on active nature of human thoughts; uses modern knowledge from cognitive psychology.
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Term
What is the Trait Aspect of Personality?
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Definition
This Aspect of Personality is focused on good individual assessment techniques.
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Term
What is the Humanistic/Existential Aspect of Personality?
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Definition
This Aspect of Personality is appreciation of the spiritual nature of a person; emphasizes struggles for self-fulfillment and dignity.
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Term
What is the Interactionist Aspect of Personality?
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Definition
This Aspect of Personality is Understanding that we are different selves in different situations.
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Term
What is the Relative Self?
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Definition
The philosophical idea that there is no underlying self but that the true self is composed merely of 'masks'.
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Term
What is the Barnum Effect?
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Definition
The tendency to believe in the accuracy of vague generalities about one's personality. (e.g. horoscopes)
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Term
What is the Darwinian Evolutionary Theory?
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Definition
The theory that people are subject to the laws of nature, not divine force from an almighty god.
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Term
What is test-retest reliability?
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Definition
The degree of consistency between results of the same test taken on different occasions.
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Term
What is reliability?
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Definition
The consistency of scores that are expected to be the same.
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Term
What is error variance?
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Definition
Variations of a measurement that are the result of irrelevant, chance fluctuations.
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Term
What is Cronbach's coefficient alpha?
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Definition
The average of all possible split-half correlations. The statistic by which the Internal Consistency Reliability is measured.
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Term
What is Internal Consistency Reliability?
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Definition
The degree of consistency between subparts or equivalent parts of a test.
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Term
What are the 2 ways that reliability is measured?
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Definition
Internal Consistency Reliability and Test-Retest Reliability
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Term
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Definition
The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to be measuring.
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Term
What is Construct validity?
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Definition
The extent to which a test truly measures a theoretical construct.
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Term
What is Convergent validity?
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Definition
The extent to which a measure is related to what it should be related to.
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Term
What is Discriminant validity?
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Definition
The extent to which a measure is NOT related to what it should NOT be related to.
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Term
What is Criterion-related validity?
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Definition
The extent to which an assessment predicts important outcome criteria that were produced by different assessment methods.
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Term
What is Multitrait-Multimethod perspective?
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Definition
The use of multiple assessment methods & various traits in order to determine test validity.
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Term
What is Content validity?
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Definition
The extent to which a test is measuring the domain it is supposed to be measuring.
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Term
What is the difference between Objective Assessment and Subjective Assessment?
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Definition
Objective assessment is someone else’s assessment of the subject and Subjective assessment is the individuals own assessment of themselves.
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Term
What is a Response Set?
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Definition
A bias responding to test items that is unrelated to the personality characteristic being measured.
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Term
What are 2 types of Response Sets?
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Definition
Acquiescence Response Sets
Social Desirability Response Sets
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Term
What is an Acquiescence Response Set?
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Definition
A bias that people are more likely to agree than disagree with things asked of them.
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Ex. "Yes", "Agree", "True of Me"
instead of "No", "Do Not Agree", "Not True of Me" |
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Term
What is a Social Desirability Response Set?
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Definition
A bias that people want to be seen in a positive light so they will tend to choose the 'good' or 'correct' answer instead of an honest one.
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Term
How can Response Sets be avoided?
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Definition
Use Reverse Coding, Neutral Wording & ask questions in several different ways.
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Term
What are Ethnic & Gender Biases?
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Definition
A bias that various strengths in one demographic are perceived as weaknesses in another group.
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Term
What are some types of Personality Measures?
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Definition
-Self-Report Tests
-Q-Sort
-Judgments by Others
-Biological Measures
-Behavioral Observations
-Interviews
-Expressive Behavior
-Document Analysis/Lifestories
-Projective Tests
-Demographics & Lifestyle
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Term
What are some types of Interviews?
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Definition
-Psychotherapeutic Interview
-Unstructured Interview
-Structured Interview
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Term
What is a Psychotherapeutic Interview?
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Definition
A client talkes about the important/troubling parts of their life.
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Term
What are the pros/cons of an Unstructured Interview?
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Definition
It yields rich information but the validity is questionable.
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Term
What are the pros/cons of a Structured Interview?
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Definition
The results are more valid, but they usually do not reveal individual nuances.
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Term
What are some examples of Biological Measures?
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Definition
Electroencephlogram, Positron emission tomography scan, Magnetic resonance imagery, Functional magnetic resonance imagery.
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Term
What are some examples of a Self-Report test?
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Definition
Minnesota Multiphasic Personal Inventory, Big-Five Inventory, Affective Communication Test
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Term
What is Expressive Behavior?
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Definition
The analysis of HOW people stand, move, speak, etc.
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Term
What are Projective Tests?
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Definition
A technique that attempts to study personality through use of an unstructured or ambiguous stimulus, task, or situation. The test taker provides an interpretation.
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Term
What are some examples of Projective Tests?
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Definition
Rorschach Inkblot, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Term
What is the Unconscious?
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Definition
The portion of the mind that is not accessible to conscious thought.
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Term
How (according to Freud) can the unconscious be accessed?
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Definition
-Hypnosis
-Free Association
-Dreams
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Term
What is Manifest Content?
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Definition
The part of dreams or other aspects of psychological experience that is remembered and consciously considered.
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Term
What is Latent Content?
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Definition
The part of dreams or other aspects of psychological experience that underlies the conscious portion and reveals hidden meaning.
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Term
What are Freud's 3 Systems of Personality?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The core being, the most primitive part of the psyche, motivated to obtain pleasure.
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Term
What is the ID’s motivation?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The aspect of personality that is conscious and embodies the sense of self.
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Term
What is the EGO’s motivation?
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Definition
To find practical ways to satisfy the Id
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Term
What is the SUPEREGO?
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Definition
Similar to the Ego, but also has an unconscious aspect.
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Term
What is the SUPEREGO’s motivation?
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Definition
Guides our goal seeking behavior toward socially acceptable pursuits.
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Term
What are the stages of Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Development?
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Definition
1st Oral Stage
2nd Anal Stage
3rd Phallic Stage
4th Latency Stage
5th Genital Stage
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Term
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Definition
In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the sexual energy that underlies psychological tension; in Carl Jung's neo-analytic theory, the term is used to describe a general psychic energy that is not necessarily sexual in nature.
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Term
What are Explicit Memories?
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Definition
Memories that can be consciously recalled or recognized.
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Term
What are Implicit Memories?
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Definition
Memories that may not be recalled nevertheless influences behavior and thoughts (Early memories from adolescence/early years)
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Term
What is Repression?
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Definition
Pushing threatening thoughts into the unconscious (i.e. PTSD or sexual abuse)
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Term
What is Reaction Formation?
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Definition
Having urges that go against fundamental beliefs so they reverse to the opposite and are then acted on (i.e. Homophobic person actually being gay)
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Term
What is Sublimation?
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Definition
Transforming dangerous urges into useful/ socially desirable motivations (i.e. drug addict expressing themselves through art, former gang member helping to keep kids out of trouble)
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Term
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Definition
The inability/refusal of the mind to acknowledge some undesirable reality.
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Term
What is Projection?
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Definition
Anxiety-provoking impulses are attributed to someone else, rather than being claimed by the individual who generated them.
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Term
What is Displacement?
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Definition
Threatening feelings transferred to someone/something else (i.e. kicking the dog)
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Term
What is Regression?
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Definition
Returning to a safer, happier time in one’s life in order to escape present threats.
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Term
What is Rationalization?
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Definition
Assigning logical explanations (after the fact) to behaviors/events that were originally motivated by unconscious motives. (i.e. saying you moved somewhere for a better job but really it’s because you wanted to be closer to your ex-girlfriend/ex-boyfriend.)
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