Term
Anatomy and Physiology: Cloninger's Tridimensional Model:
3 Parts? |
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Definition
1. Serotonin: Harm Avoidance
2. Dopamine: Novelty Seeking
3. Norepinephrine: Reward Dependence |
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Term
Anatomy and Physiology: Communication Among Neurons:
3 Steps? |
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Definition
1. Electrical impulse from previous synapse causes neuron to release neurotransmitter chemicals.
2. Neurotransmitter chemical travels between gap in Synapse and fits into receptors.
3. The received neurotransmitter either promotes or inhibits the transmission of the electrical impulse to the next synapse. |
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Term
Anatomy and Physiology: 2. Dopamine (Neurotransmitters Chemical)
Involved in?
High Level Effects? 4 Things
Low Levels Effects? 5 Things |
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Definition
In responding to reward.
High Levels: 1. Extraversion, 2. Social, 3. Desirability, 4. Depression
Low Levels: 1. Novelty-seeking (males), 2. Impulsivity, 3. Irritability, 4. Detachment, 5. Reward-deficiency syndrom (substance use and addiction) |
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Term
Anatomy and Physiology: 1. Serotonin (Neurotransmitters Chemical)
Involved in?
Dysregulation of serotonergic function (similar to low levels of serotonin) Effects? 3 Things |
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Definition
In Inhibition of behavioral impulses, particularly emotional impulses
1. Dangerous criminal acts, violence, suicide
2. Mood disorders, eating disorders
3. Low levels of harm avoidance |
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Term
Anatomy and Physiology: What is a Hormone?
2 Types of hormones?
What do they do? 2 Things
How do females respond to stress? |
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Definition
A biological chemical that affects the body in location different from where the chemical is produced.
1. Epinephrine and 2. Norepinephrine
-Released in respond to stress; create the flight-or-flight response.
-High levels associated with anxiety, neuroticism.
-Females tend-and-befriend instead of fight-or-flight |
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Term
Anatomy and Physiology: Testosterone
Involved in what type of behavior?
Higher testosterone results in what? 3 Things |
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Definition
-Aggressive behavior
1. Impulsive aggression
2. Sedative abuse
3. Dominance and status-related behaviors |
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Term
Anatomy and Physiology: Cortisol
Released in response to what?
Higher cortisol levels in people with? 3 things
Lower cortisol levels in people with? 3 things
Associated with what? |
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Definition
-Stress
High Levels: 1. Severe Stress, 2. Anxiety, 3. Depression
Low Levels: 1. PTSD, 2. Sensation Seeking, 3. Aggressive behavior (in conjunction with high testosterone)
-Substance abuse. |
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Term
Anatomy and Physiology: Oxytocin
Involved in what type of behavior? 3 Things
Higher oxytocin results in what? 3 Things |
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Definition
-1. Role in mother-child bonding, 2. Romantic attachment, and 3. Sexual response.
1. Extraversion
2. Fearlessness
3. More trust, less likely to forgive violation of trust however. |
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Term
Anatomy and Physiology: Evaluation of Research on Biochemistry and Personality:
Lack of: 1 Thing
What else? 2 Things |
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Definition
-Lack of Casual evidence
1.More inconsistencies than absolutes
2. More complex then Cloninger's model implies |
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Term
Behavioral Genetics:
What is it? |
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Definition
| Attempts to explain how personality traits are passed from parent to child and shared by biological relatives. |
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Term
Calculating Heritabilities:
What is it? 2 Things
Example: |
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Definition
1. Compare similarity in personality between people who are not related
OR
2. Are related to varying degrees.
-Example: Monozygotic (MZ) vs. dizygotic (DZ) twins:
Assumption: traits and behaviors influenced by genes should be more similar among more closely related people |
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Term
Molecular Genetics:
Association Method: What is it?
Limitations: What is it?
Epigenetics: What is it? |
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Definition
-Association Method: Correlation between trait and genes
-Limitations: Genes are involved with complex traits, and genes even interact with each other.
-Epigenetics: Environment can determine gene expression during development. |
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Term
Genes and Personality:
What two behaviors seem "heritable"? 2 Things
Traits that seem heritable? |
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Definition
-1. Divorce, 2. Addiction
-1. Impulsivity, 2. Sensation-seeking, 3. Neuroticism |
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Term
Evolutionary Personality Psychology:
Attempts to explain what?
What assumption is made? |
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Definition
-Explains how human behavior patterns / characteristics originated out of survival value.
-The assumption made is that characteristics with more survival value are more likely to appear in subsequent generations. |
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Term
| What are the reasons for individual differences in humans according to the Evolutionary Personality Psychology? 5 Things. |
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Definition
1. Diversity is necessary for viability
2. Human nature is flexible
3. Several possible behavioral strategies evolved.
4. Some behaviors may be frequency dependent.
5. Patterns evolved as reactions to specific environmental influences. |
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Term
| Evolutionary Personality Psychology Criticisms: 3 Things |
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Definition
1. Methodology uses Backward Speculation, which is hard to test empirically.
2. Reproductive instinct does not always equal behavior.
3. Conservative.
4. Human Flexibility
5. Social Structure resulted in gender differences, not evolutionary personality psychology. |
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Term
Fundamental Concept: Psychic Determinism:
What is it?
Example? |
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Definition
Fundamental concept that states free-will and random accidents do not exist: everything has a cause, even trivial details provide access to the unconscious.
-Example: Freudian Slip |
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Term
Structure of Personality in Psychic Determinism: 3 Things
Interaction between Id, Ego, and Superego? |
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Definition
1. Id: Primitive thinking, pleasure seeking, irrational, wants to satisfy Id's desires (“chaos, a cauldron of seething excitation” - Freud).
2. Ego: Secondary thinking, plan, account for reality, postpone gratification, manages tension between Id and Superego
3. Superego: Guilt and Pride.
-Interaction between Id, Ego, and Super Ego is Constant, Conflicting, and the role of the Ego to manage.
2. Ego: Rider On a Horse |
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Term
Dynamics of Personality according to Psychic Determinism:
Types of Anxiety: What is based on or versus?
1. Objective:
2. Neurotic:
3. Moral: |
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Definition
1. Objective anxiety is Ego-based
2. Neurotic anxiety is Id versus Ego based.
3. Moral anxiety is Super Ego versus Ego based.
All are based or centered around the Ego. |
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Term
Controversies of Psychic Determinism:
1. Moral Controversy:
2. Scientific Controversy:
3. Personal Controversy: |
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Definition
1. Moral Controversy is why there is such a great emphasis on sex and sexual energy.
2. Scientific Controversy on the sole fact that the entire theory of psychoanalysis is non-scientific theory based.
3. Personal Controversy is people just don't want to be told why they really did something, especially if the therapist is correct. |
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Term
Stage I - Psychic Determinism: Oral Stage (0-1yr)
Theme?
What exists?
2 Ways things can go wrong?
2 Sides to Adult Character? |
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Definition
-The theme during the Oral Stage is Dependency.
-Only The Id exists
-1. Needs not fulfilled OR Needs fulfilled too quickly and automatically
-1. Too independent, or unable to trust, AND 2. Too passive, wanting something but not going and getting it. |
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Term
Stage II - Psychic Determinism: Anal Stage (1-3yrs)
Theme?
2 Sides to Adult Character? |
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Definition
-Theme of Anal Stage is Self Control AND Obedience, or following orders, controlling emotions and inappropriate urges.
-1. Overcontrolled, obsessive, compulsive, stingy, rigid, subservient to authority, intolerance for disorder or ambiguity.
-2. Undercontrolled, unable to meet deadlines, chaotic, disorganized, need to defy authority. |
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Term
Stage III - Psychic Determinism: Phallic Stage (3-5/6yrs)
Theme?
2 Complexes?
Development of what two things?
3 Sides to Adult Character? |
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Definition
-The theme of the Phallic Stage is coming to terms with sex differences (gender identity: identifying with same-sex parent).
-The complexes of the Phallic stage include the Oedipal and Electra complexes.
-1. Morality AND 2. Superego
-1. Rigid moral code (asexual), 2. Lack of moral code (promiscuous), 3. Attracted to partners resembling opposite-sex parent. |
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Term
Stage IV - Psychic Determinism: Latency Stage (5/6yrs-puberty)
Theme? |
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Definition
| -Concentrated on learning, it's a break from development. However, we now know today that a significant amount of psychological and cognitive development occurs during this time. |
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Term
Stage V - Psychic Determinism: Genital Stage
Theme?
Adult Character? |
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Definition
The theme during the Genital Stage focuses on maturity, creation (children, artistic, intellectual, scientific), and enhancing life.
-Successfully attained: well-adjusted, balanced.
Ability "to love and to work" |
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Term
Conclusion: Role of Psychoanalysis in Psychology:
Cons: 3 Things |
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Definition
1. Long process
2. Thought more as a tool for understanding human nature and culture
3. Freudian psychology is "ancient history," but laid foundation for neb-freudians and Object Relations. |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Defense Mechanism:
Why does the ego have defense mechanisms? 1 Thing.
Is it Conscious or Unconscious? 1 Thing.
Involves what? 1 Thing. |
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Definition
-Egos have a defense mechanism as a way of coping or keeping thoughts and impulses hidden, reducing anxiety.
-Ego defense mechanisms are unconscious.
-Ego defense mechanisms usually involve some form of repression. |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Repression
What is it?
What is it associated with? 1 Thing
What can happen when the Ego runs out of energy? 4 Things |
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Definition
-Repression is when unwanted thoughts and memories are banished from present awareness.
-Usually associated with anxiety.
-When the Ego runs out of energy, people can have 1. Outbursts, 2. dreams, 3. Freudian slips, and 4. forget things |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Parapraxes
What is it?
When is this most likely to happen? 4 Times
2 Examples of slips-suprressed thoughts or impulses leaking out? 2 Things |
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Definition
-A "Freudian Slip," or deliberately forgetting something to avoid feeling associated anxiety.
-Having a parapraxes is most likely to occur when 1. You are tired, 2. Not paying attention, 3. In a hurry, or 4. Excited
-2 examples of slips-suppressed thoughts or impulse leaks are 1. saying the name of a previous significant other during sex, and 2. Breaking something unconsciously on purpose, or "by accident". |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Denial
What is it?
When are the aspects of Denial? 4 Things |
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Definition
-Denial is the refusal to acknowledge a source of anxiety.
-Denial is:
1. Denial is effective in the short term.
2. Denial can be effective after an initial shock.
3. Usually leads people to lose contact with reality.
4. Usually involves blaming failure on external circumstances or other people. |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Reaction Formation
What is it?
Example of Reaction Formation? |
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Definition
-Behaving in a way opposite of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and impulses. Usually illogically strong and out of proportion.
-Track of My Tears: The artist says everyone sees him really happy all the time, the life of the party, yet deep down inside, he is actually very sad. |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Projection
What is it?
False Consensus Effect?
Examples of Projection? 2 Things |
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Definition
-Projecting your thoughts or impulses associated with anxiety onto someone else.
-The False Consensus Effect is the broad-tendency to believe other people are similar to oneself.
-2 Examples of Projection include:
1. Insecure people belittling others.
2. Insecure people trying to suppress their own undesirable traits. |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Defensive Projection Experiment (Newman, Duff, & Baumeister 1997)
What was the experiment? |
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Definition
| -The Defensive Projection Experiment involved participants given bogus "bad" score on a trait for a personality test, then asked to rate a person in the video, and the participants rated those people in the video worse on their "bad" trait, but not other traits. |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Rationalization
What is it?
How do people treat their embarrassing or shameful act? |
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Definition
-Rationalization is coming up with reasoning for doing something that would be otherwise considered embarrassing or shameful.
-People who are rationalizing tend to trivialize their act, as if "it doesn't really matter". |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Cognitive Dissonance
What is it?
What do people tend to do when they experience cognitive dissonance? 2 Things |
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Definition
-Cognitive Dissonance is negative emotions felt when thoughts and behaviors don't match.
-People who experience cognitive dissonance tend to:
1. Change their behavior
OR
2. Change their own beliefs to match the behavior (may rationalize) |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Intellectualization
What is it?
In what fields is intellectualization common?
When is intellectualization useful? |
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Definition
-Intellectualization is turning an anxiety provoking feeling into a thought that is cool, abstract, and analytical.
-Intellectualization is common in warfare and medicine.
-Intellectualization is useful when reality is too painful to deal with directly. |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Displacement
What is it?
Does aggression usually increase or decrease with displacement? |
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Definition
-Displacement is displacing an emotion from one object to another, or from an unsafe target (such as your boss), to safe target (such as your little sister).
-Aggression usually increases with displacement. |
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Term
The Unconscious Mind: Sublimation
What is it?
An example? |
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Definition
| -Sublimation is channeling socially unacceptable impulses, such as punching someone in the face, to a more socially acceptable form such as kickboxing and punching a punching bag. |
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Term
| Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations: Common Themes? 3 Themes. |
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Definition
3 Common themes of Neo Freudian Object Relations Include:
-1. Less emphasis on sex (libido)
-2. Less emphasis on unconscious thought, and more emphasis on conscious thought.
-3. Focus on more interpersonal relationships, rather than intra-personal relationships (or relationship with oneself). |
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Term
Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations: Inferiority and Comprehension:
Founder?
Focus? |
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Definition
-The founder of inferiority and comprehension was Alfred Adler.
-The focus of inferiority and comprehension had to do with social interest, or the desire to relate positively and productively with other people. |
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Term
| Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations: What did Alfred Adler Contribute? 2 Things. |
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Definition
1. Organ inferiority: a perceived weakness can motivate a person to achieve in that area.
2. Masculine Protest: "Balls Hanging of Trucks," Need to compensate in response to feeling inferior. Experienced by both men and women. |
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Term
Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations:
What did Carl Jung contribute? 3 Things. |
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Definition
-1. Persona
-2. Extraversion-Introversion theory
-3. Personality Dimensions:
A. Perceiving: 1. Sensation vs Intuition OR Tangible vs. Abstract
B. Judging: Thinking vs. Feeling OR Objective vs. Connected |
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Term
Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations:
What did Karen Horney contribute? 1 Things. |
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Definition
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Term
Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations:
What did Erikson contribute? 1 Things. |
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Definition
| Erikson contributed psychosocial development, or stages of development that continue throughout life. |
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Term
Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations:
What did Klein, D.W. Winnicott contribute? 1 Things. |
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Definition
| -Klein, D.W. Winnicott contributed the Object Relations Theory: or that we relate people via the images we hold of them (objects). |
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Term
Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations:
4 Principle Themes of Object Relations Theory? |
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Definition
The 4 Principle Themes of Object Relations Theory Includes: Every interpersonal relationship involves:
1. Satisfaction versus frustration
2. Love versus Hate
3. Genuine love Equals loving all the Good and "Bad" parts of a person.
4. Governed by love, anger, fear, and guilt. |
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Term
Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations: False Self:
What is the True Self?
What is the False Self?
What is the purpose of the False Self?
What is suicide? |
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Definition
-The True Self is: alive, spontaneous, creative, allows for genuine connection to other.
-The False Self is your Persona.
-The Purpose of the False Self, or your Persona, is to protect your True Self for criticism and harm.
-Suicide is the absolute protection of the true self, by dissolving the true self forever. |
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Term
Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations:
What did John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth Contribute?
What is the Attachment Theory? |
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Definition
John Bowlby (attachment meets infants' needs) and Mary Ainsworth (Strange Situation Procedure) contributed the Attachment Theory.
The Attachment theory is the learned attachment style during childhood that carries through into type of relationships had later in life. |
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Term
Neo-Fredian And Objects Relations:
What is the Strange Situation Procedure and who founded it?
What are the different reactions? How do they lead into adulthood? 3 Things |
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Definition
Mary Ainsworth founded the Strange Situation Procedure and it is the different reactions that occur when a mother leaves the child alone.
The 3 reactions include:
1. Anxious-Ambivalent: (Anxious when mother leaves, ambivalent when mother returns), leads to dependent, vulnerable, and uncertain adults.
2. Avoidant: (Avoids distress by showing no signs when mother leaves, and is indifferent when mother returns by avoiding eye contact or acknowledgment of mother's return), leads to adults who have difficulty trusting, commitment, and dependence, anticipates disappointment.
3. Secure: (Happy when mother returns, secure), leads to adults who are secure or capable of having trusting, solid relationships. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Phenomenology
What is it?
What is Construal?
What are the 4 Construals? |
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Definition
-Phenomenology is one's conscious experience of the world, it's all in the way you see things: Perceptions IS Reality.
-Construal is your particular experience of the world, and it is based on:
1. The goals your pursue
2. The obstacles you face
3. It is the basis of how you live your life
4. It determines your free will |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Existentialism: Roots of Humanistic Psychology.
What is it?
What is the Purpose of Existentialism? |
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Definition
-Existentialism, the roots of humanistic psychology is the reconnection with the basic human experience of being alive and aware.
-The Purpose of Existentialism is to reconnect with that basic human experience of being alive and awake. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Throwness and Angst
What is it?
Why may throwness be difficult for an individual? |
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Definition
-Throwness os the time, place, and circumstances into which you were "thrown" into existence, or born.
-Being thrown into a world that seems to have no overarching meaning or purpose can create psychological difficulty. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Apocaloptimist
What is it? |
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Definition
-Apocaloptimist is like coming to terms with existence, facing angst, understanding mortality.
(Definition: someone who knows it's all going to shit, but thinks it will turn out OK) |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Optimistic Humanism:
Who are the founders?
What is Optimistic Humanism based on?
Do people have free will?
What assumptions are made of people? |
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Definition
-The founders of Optimistic Humanism is Rogers and Maslow.
-Optimistic Humanism is based on Phenomenology, or that Perception is Reality.
-Yes. According to the Optimistic Humanism theory, people do have free will.
-According to the Optimistic Humanism theory, people are basically good, they seek to relate closely and positively with others, and their innate need is to improve their self and the world. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Optimistic Humanism: Self-Actualization
Who is the founder of Self-Actualization.
What is Self-Actualization? |
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Definition
-Roger is the founder of Self-Actualization.
-Self-Actualization is the equivalent to becoming your greatest version of yourself: people want to maintain and enhance their life, and are striving for it. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Optimistic Humanism: Hierarchy of Needs
Who is the founder of Hierarchy of Needs?
What is the basic assumption made by the Hierarchy of Needs?
What is required to reach the top of the pyramid, or self-actualization? |
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Definition
-The founder of the Hierarchy of Needs is Maslow.
-The basic assumption made by Maslow and the Hierarchy of Needs is that people have the ultimate need or motivation to reach self-actualization.
-To reach self-actualization, basic need must first be met. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: The Fully Functioning Person
How do they see the world?
What are Roger's and Maslow's views on the role of unconditional regard in the Fully Functioning Person? |
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Definition
-A Fully Functioning Person perceives the world accurately and takes responsibility for their choices and actions. They are self-aware and of reality, they face the world without fear, self-doubt, or neurotic defenses.
-The Role of unconditional positive regard in a Fully Functioning Person differs between Rogers and Maslow:
Rogers believes unconditional regard IS required to be a fully functional person, while Maslow believes it is NOT required. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Personal Constructs
Who is the founder of Personal Constructs?
What are Personal Constructs based on?
What is Social Corollary? |
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Definition
-The Founder of Personal Constructs is Kelly.
-Personal Constructs are based on a person's assembly of construals of the world, which is a unique configuration for each person.
-Social Corollary is the idea that to understand another person, you must first understand their personal construct system. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Maximizers & Satisficers
What does a Maximizer believe? What are the possible drawbacks of being a maximizer?
What does a Satisficer believe? What are the possible benefits of being a Satisficer? |
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Definition
-A Maximizer believes that one should always try and get as much as possible out of life. Unfortunately, a Maximizer is prone to depression, perfectionism, and regret.
-A Satisficer believes some outcomes are good enough. Fortunately, Satisficers tend to be more Optimistic, Happier, and have a higher life satisfaction. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Flow
Who's the founder of the Flow Concept?
What type of experience is involved in flow?
What is an Autotelic Activity?
What is involved in Flow?
What are the traits of an Autotelic personality? |
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Definition
-Csikszentmihalyi is the founder of Flow.
-Flow involves Optimal Experience, or making most of the moment because moment-to-moment is what really matters.
-An Autotelic Activity is a task that is enjoyable, and is sometimes considered the best way to spend one's time.
-Flow involves a challenging task matched the proper skill, in which a person is completely focused, single-minded immersed, and energized in motivation.
-An Autotelic personality consists of a person who prefers high-skill and high challenge tasks, is intrinsically motivated, and has a high internal locus of control. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Hardiness
Who is the Founder of the Hardiness concept?
What is Hardiness?
What is Vegetativeness?
What is Nihilism?
What do people do if they have little stress in life? |
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Definition
-Maddi is the founder of the Hardiness concept.
-Hardiness is the idea that life without stress would boring and meaningless. Avoiding stress through a conformist lifestyle leads to extrinsic pleasure seeking and a false sense of self.
-Vegetativeness is living a living a life that is meaningless, aimless, and listless.
-Nihilism is experience dominated by anger, disgust, and cynicism.
-People find they need extreme thrills, such as risky or dangerous behavior in order to distract themselves form meaninglessness. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Self-Determinism Theory
Who founded the Self-Determinim Theory?
What is the Self-Determinism Theory?
What is Hedonia?
What is Eudaemonia? |
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Definition
-The Self-Determinism Theory was founded by Deci and Ryan.
-The Self-Determinim Theory is the distinction between two ways of seeking happiness, or two types of happiness.
-Hedonia is maximizing pleasure, minimizing pain.
-Eudaemonia is seeking deeper meaning, pursuing goals, building relationships, taking responsibility for choices, and focusing on intrinsic goals. |
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Term
| Humanistic & Psychology: Self-Determinism Theory: Three Central Intrinsic Goals? 3 Things |
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Definition
The 3 Central Intrinsic Goals in the Self-Determinim theories are:
1. Autonomy: Finding your own way in life with your own decisions.
2. Competence: Finding something you are good at and refine that skill.
3. Relatedness: Establish meaningful ties to others. |
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Term
Humanistic & Psychology: Positive Psychology:
What is Health?
What is the goal of Positive Psychology?
What is true happiness according to Positive Psychology?
What is the focus of Positive Psychology? |
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Definition
-Health is the absence of disease.
-The goal of positive psychology is to improve the quality of life.
-True Happiness comes from overcoming important challenges.
-The focus of Positive Psychology is well-being. |
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