Term
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Definition
Humanistic therapies
Humanistic therapies are united by an emphasis on understanding human experience and a focus on the client, rather than the symptom. Some of the features of this therapy include:
- First person subjective experience is the starting point; therapeutic interventions encourage present-moment awareness in all its complexity.
- This therapy is extremely influential in clinical psychological science and practice.
- The aim is for the person to become more aware of, and act congruently with, their authentic self. The therapist’s job is to invite clients into an active partnership where they can learn about themselves by adapting an experiential attitude toward life in which they try out new behaviours and notice what happens.
- This therapy has a limited empirical evidence base. If people are unique, and therapy is an art, therapy would be difficult to standardise and thus difficult to test. |
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Definition
Psychodynamic therapies
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The goals of psychodynamic therapy are a client’s self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behaviour. Contemporary approaches retain the aim of developing insight into past experiences’ impact on current life with less attention paid to the role of internal, staged libidinal drives
A psychoanalyst can use various techniques as encouragement for the client to develop insights into their behaviour and the meanings of symptoms. Some of these techniques include:
- Free association: A simple technique of psychodynamic therapy, in which a patient talks of whatever comes into their mind. This technique involves a therapist reading a list of words (e.g. family, parents, etc.) and the patient immediately responds with the first word that comes to mind. It is hoped that fragments of repressed memories will emerge in the course of free association.
- Dream analysis: Freud argued that the conscious mind is like a censor, but it is less vigilant when we are asleep. As a result, repressed ideas come to the surface—although what we remember may well have been altered during the dream process. |
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Term
| Three waves of behavioural psychotherapy |
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Definition
Three waves of behavioural psychotherapy
While the dominant psychoanalytical model of the early 20th century developed mostly from the clinical interactions of Freud and his patients, behaviour therapy emerged from experimental psychology. Behavioural psychotherapy is thought to have developed in three waves which we will now explore in more detail. These therapies share some common factors including alliance, hope and and empathy as well as shared principles of change across behavioural therapies. |
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Term
First wave: Classical behaviour therapy
(Three waves of behavioural psychotherapy) |
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Definition
This therapy is based on learning theory and behavioural principles, and is focused on directly changing problematic emotions and behaviours through counter-conditioning negative emotions, or reinforcement of more appropriate behaviours.
In this therapy, depression is believed to be caused by:
decreased reinforcement of healthy behaviour
increased reinforcement of depressed behaviour
lack of skills to turn this around.
The following strategies are used in classical behaviour therapy to treat depression:
Plan subjectively pleasant activities, reward achievements.
Moderate behaviour of others.
Teach, modelling, role-play assertion, problem-solving, exposure, etc. |
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Term
Second wave: Classical behaviour therapy
(Three waves of behavioural psychotherapy) |
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Definition
Second wave: Cognitive behaviour therapy
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is based on cognitive models of disorders and cognitive and social learning principles. CBT therapists help clients to change the thoughts assumed to precede problematic emotions and behaviours. Like the first-wave approach, the focus is on directly changing the thing itself (i.e. the content or frequency of thoughts) in order to change the problematic behaviours and emotions (‘first order change’).
In this therapy, depression is believed to be caused by:
negative thinking about self, world, future
activation of implicit assumptions about life (schema).
The following strategies are used in CBT to treat depression:
Psychoeducation about common negative thoughts.
Decrease attachment to negative thoughts through pragmatic experiment.
Illuminate schema. |
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Term
Mindfulness and acceptance-based therapies
(Three waves of behavioural psychotherapy) |
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Definition
Mindfulness and acceptance-based therapies
These approaches focus more on the context and functions of psychological phenomena, rather than their form. This therapy can be looked at as purposefully attending to a present moment without judging, acceptance of unpleasant experiences and actions driven by coolly-chosen values.
In this therapy, depression is believed to be caused by:
fusing with negative thoughts
behavioural and psychological avoidance of distress
insufficient attention to stay well strategies (experiencing positive emotions).
The strategies used in mindfulness and acceptance-based therapies to treat depression are:
Mindfulness exercises.
Deconstructing self.
Values clarification, expanded choice. |
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Term
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Definition
Evidence-based practice
Evidence-based practice aims to ensure therapeutic accountability by using scientific evidence to drive treatment decisions and is constrained by evidence. In practice, this evidence base is largely limited to the studies that have compared branded psychotherapies with various forms of control condition for the treatment of recognised diagnoses. Let’s now look at the effectiveness of psychotherapy for depression. |
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Term
| When comparing psychotherapy versus medication, the major considerations are: |
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Definition
When comparing psychotherapy versus medication, the major considerations are:
Positive side effects for quality of life and other symptoms.
No evidence of significant negative side-effects.
Public prefers psychotherapy.
Opportunity cost. |
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Term
Question 1
1 pts
Which of the following does not describe a reluctant client?
A child whose parents make them go to therapy.
Substance abuse users.
Court-ordered domestic violence.
An individual experiencing anxiety |
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Definition
| An individual experiencing anxiety. |
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Term
Question 2
1 pts
What is one way that efficacy of treatments cannot be measured?
Client ratings.
Animal models.
Behaviour change.
Objective markers of change. |
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Definition
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Term
Question 3
1 pts
A benefit of independent third-party ratings are?
Third parties are motivated to see gains made by the client.
Third parties provide a biological reason for treatment change.
Third parties may be more objective.
Clients are not able to fake improvement |
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Definition
| Third parties may be more objective. |
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Term
Who generally performs psychotherapy?
A clergy member.
General practice physician.
Anyone who is a trained trusted advisor.
None of the above. |
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Definition
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Term
Question 5
1 pts
Why are control groups important?
It means the treatment has proven efficacy before being used.
It increases the sample size.
They control for placebo and time-related effects.
It controls for therapist experience. |
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Definition
| They control for placebo and time-related effects. |
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Term
Question 6
1 pts
Which of the following is true about medication and psychotherapy?
Medications are always more effective in the short-term.
Evidence suggests pharmacological treatments are effective for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder but not for other mental illnesses.
Combined treatments are always superior to medication OR psychotherapy.
None of the above. |
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Definition
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Term
Question 7
1 pts
Jane is scared of dogs. Her therapist had Jane write a list of different fears about dogs and then had Jane engage in each behaviour
Systematic reinforcement.
Modelling.
Systematic desensitisation.
Aversion therapy. |
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Definition
| Systematic desensitisation. |
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Term
Question 8
1 pts
What is a positive response to medication?
When a client reports a 50% improvement of symptoms.
When a client reports any improvement of symptoms.
When a client reports a full remission of symptoms.
When a client reports no symptoms for 6-12 months |
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Definition
| When a client reports a 50% improvement of symptoms. |
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Term
Question 9
1 pts
Electroconvulsive therapy:
is used for individuals with severe depression, and sometimes mania.
takes approximately 20 sessions.
is safely administered only once per week.
all of the above. |
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Definition
| is used for individuals with severe depression, and sometimes mania. |
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Term
Question 10
1 pts
Cognitive behavioural therapy:
should only be used for adults.
should only be used in combination with medication.
is the front line treatment for severe psychotic depression.
is used to treat a broad range of mental illnesses for depression to anger control. |
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Definition
| s used to treat a broad range of mental illnesses for depression to anger control |
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Term
Question 11
1 pts
Can therapy be harmful and how can this be minimised? |
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Definition
| In approximately 5-10% of cases, patients report detrimental effects as a result of therapy. Many of these negative effects result from therapists engaging in boundary violations. These boundary violations often occur as a ‘slippery slope’ from potentially minor violations to exploitative behaviours such as a sexual relationship with a client. To minimise the potential for this harm intentional and avoidable contact with clients outside of sessions should be avoided. Other considerations include therapist expertise and supervision. Therapists should only engage in treatment that they have had training in and within the scope of their expertise. Harm can be minimised through supervision where even experienced clinicians can discuss appropriate management of difficult client situations. |
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Term
| therapeutic alliance vary, its key elements are |
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Definition
| (1) a sense of working collaboratively on the problem, (2) agreement between patient and therapist about the goals and tasks of therapy, and (3) an affective bond between patient and therapist |
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Term
| estimating clients’ gains in therapy generally depend on one or more of the following sources of infor- |
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Definition
| Attempts at estimating clients’ gains in therapy generally depend on one or more of the following sources of infor- mation: (1) a client’s reports of change in their symptoms or functioning, (2) a clinician’s ratings of changes that have occurred, (3) reports from the client’s family or friends, (4) comparison of pretreatment and posttreatment scores on instruments designed to measure relevant facets of psychological functioning, and (5) measures of change in selected overt behaviors. Each of these sources has strengths, but also some important limitations. |
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Term
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Definition
Research suggests that about 50 percent of patients show clinically significant change after 21 therapy sessions. After 40 sessions, about 75 percent of patients have improved
However, It has been estimated that between 5 and 10 percent of clients deteriorate during treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior therapy is a direct and active treatment that rec- ognizes the importance of behavior, acknowledges the role of learning, and includes thorough assessment and evalua- tion. Instead of exploring past traumatic events or inner conflicts, behavior therapists focus on the presenting prob- lem—the problem or symptom that is causing the patient great distress. A major assumption of behavior therapy is that abnormal behavior is acquired in the same way as nor- mal behavior—that is, by learning. A variety of behavioral techniques have therefore been developed to help patients “unlearn” maladaptive behaviors by one means or another. |
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Term
| Exposure Therapy (Systematic desensitization, flooding, imaginal exposure) (Behaviour Therapy) |
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Definition
| If anxiety is learned, then, from the behavior therapy perspective, it can be unlearned. This is accomplished through guided exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli. During exposure therapy, the patient or client is confronted with the fear-producing stimulus in a therapeutic manner. This can be accom- plished in a very controlled, slow, and gradual way, as in systematic desensitization, or in a more extreme manner, as in flooding, in which the patient directly confronts the feared stimulus at full strength. (An example is a house- bound patient with agoraphobia being accompanied out- doors by the therapist.) Moreover, the form of the exposure can be real (also known as in vivo exposure) or imaginary (imaginal exposure). |
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Term
Aversion Therapy
(Behaviour Therapy) |
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Definition
| AVERSION THERAPY Aversion therapy involves modi- fying undesirable behavior by the old-fashioned method of punishment. Probably the most commonly used aver- sive stimuli today are drugs that have noxious effects, such as Antabuse, which induces nausea and vomiting when a person who has taken it ingests alcohol. In another variant, the client is instructed to wear a substantial elas- tic band on the wrist and to “snap” it when temptation arises, thus administering self-punishment. |
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Term
MODELLING
(Behaviour Therapy) |
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Definition
| MODELING As the name implies, in modeling the client learns new skills by imitating another person, such as a parent or therapist, who performs the behavior to be acquired. A younger client may be exposed to behaviors or roles in peers who act as assistants to the therapist and then be encouraged to imitate and practice the desired new responses. For example, modeling may be used to promote the learning of simple skills such as self-feeding for a child with profound mental retardation or more complex skills such as being more effective in social situations for a shy, withdrawn adolescent |
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Term
SYSTEMATIC REINFORCEMENT (+ Response Shaping also Removing Reinforcement i.e. PS4 for video game addiction)
(Behaviour Therapy) |
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Definition
SYSTEMATIC REINFORCEMENT Systematic programs that use reinforcement to increase the frequency of desired behavior have achieved notable success. Often called con- tingency management programs, these approaches are often used in institutional settings, although this is not always the case
In response shaping, pos- itive reinforcement is used to establish, by gradual approxi- mation, a response that is actively resisted or is not initially in an individual’s behavioral repertoire. This technique has been used extensively in working with children’s behavior problems (Kazdin, 2007). For example, a child who refuses to speak in front of others (selective mutism) may be first rewarded (with praise or a more tangible treat) for making any sound. Later, only complete words, and later again only strings of words, would be rewarded. |
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Term
TOKEN ECONOMIES
(Behaviour Therapy) |
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Definition
TOKEN ECONOMIES Years ago, when behavior ther- apy was in its infancy, token economies based on the principles of operant conditioning were developed for use with patients experiencing long-term stays in psychi- atric hospitals. When they behaved appropriately on the hospital ward, patients earned tokens that they could later use to receive rewards or privileges
In one study, people being treated for cocaine dependence were rewarded with vouchers worth 25 cents if their urine tests came back neg- ative ( |
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Term
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
(Cognitive Therapy) |
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Definition
REBT attempts to change a client’s maladaptive thought processes, on which maladaptive emotional responses and, thus, behav- ior are presumed to depend.
The task of REBT is to restructure an individual’s belief system and self-evaluation, especially with respect to the irrational “shoulds,” “oughts,” and “musts” that are preventing the individual from having a more positive sense of self-worth and an emotionally satisfying, fulfilling life. Several methods are used. One method is to dispute a person’s false beliefs through rational confrontation (“Why should your failure to get the promotion you wanted mean that you are worthless?”). |
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Term
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Definition
Beck’s cognitive ther- apy approach was originally developed for the treatment of depression and later for anxiety
disorders. Now, how- ever, this form of treatment is used for a broad range of conditions, including eating disorders and obesity, person- ality disorders, substance abuse, and even schizophrenia
With the therapist’s help, they then identify the logical errors in their thinking and learn to challenge the validity of these automatic thoughts. The errors in the logic behind their thinking lead them (1) to perceive the world selectively as harmful while ignoring evidence to the contrary; (2) to overgeneralize on the basis of limited examples—for example, seeing themselves as totally worthless because they were laid off from work; (3) to magnify the significance of undesirable events—for example, seeing the job loss as the end of the world for them; and (4) to engage in absolutistic thinking—for exam- ple, exaggerating the importance of someone’s mildly criti- cal comment and perceiving it as proof of their instant descent from goodness to worthlessness. |
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Term
| Example of BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY |
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Definition
| For example, a young man who believes that he will be rejected by any attractive woman he approaches would be led to a searching analysis of the reasons why he holds this belief. The client might then be assigned the task of “testing” this dysfunctional “hypothesis” by actually approaching seemingly appropri- ate women whom he admires. The results of the “test” would then be discussed with the cognitive therapist, and any cognitive “errors” that may have interfered with a skill- ful performance would be identified and correcte |
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Term
| Humanistic-Experiential Therapies |
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Definition
| The humanistic-experiential therapies are based on the assumption that people have both the freedom and the responsibility to control their own behavior—that they can reflect on their problems, make choices, and take positive action. Humanistic-experiential therapists feel that a client must take most of the responsibility for the direction and success of therapy, with the therapist serving merely a |
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Definition
The primary objective of Rogerian therapy is to resolve this incongruence—to help clients become able to accept and be themselves.
The client-centered (person-centered) therapy of Carl Rogers (1902–1987) focuses on the natural power of the organism to heal itself (Rogers, 1951, 1961). Rogers saw therapy as a process of removing the constraints and restrictions that grow out of unrealistic demands that people tend to place on them- selves when they believe, as a condition of self-worth, that they should not have certain kinds of feelings such as hostility. By denying that they do in fact have such feel- ings, they become unaware of their actual “gut” reactions. As they lose touch with their own genuine experience, the result is lowered integration, impaired personal relation- ships, and various forms of maladjustment.
In contrast to most other forms of therapy, the client- centered therapist does not give answers, interpret what a client says, probe for unconscious conflicts, or even steer the client toward certain topics. |
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Term
| MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING |
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Definition
| However, MI differs from client-centered counseling because it employs a more direct approach that explores the client’s own reasons for wanting to change. The therapist encour- ages this “change talk” by asking the client to discuss his or her desire, ability, reasons, and need for change. These are reflected back by the therapist, thus exposing the client to periodic summaries of his or her own motivational state- ments and thoughts about change. The result is that clients can develop and strengthen their commitment to change in an active, accepting, and supportive atmosphere. |
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Definition
In German, the term gestalt means “whole,” and gestalt therapy emphasizes the unity of mind and body—placing strong emphasis on the need to inte- grate thought, feeling, and action. Gestalt therapy was developed by Frederick (Fritz) Perls (1969) as a means of teaching clients to recognize the bodily processes and emo- tions they had been blocking off from awareness. As with the client-centered and humanistic approaches, the main goal of gestalt therapy is to increase the individual’s self- awareness and self-acceptance. Although gestalt therapy is commonly used in a group setting, the emphasis is on one person at a time.
The individual may be asked to act out fantasies concerning feelings and conflicts or to represent one side of a conflict while sitting in one chair and then switch chairs to take the part of the adversary. Often the therapist or other group members will ask questions such as “What are you aware of in your body now?” and “What does it feel like in your gut when you think of that? |
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Definition
Psychodynamic therapy is a broad treatment approach that focuses on individual personality dynamics, usually from a psychoanalytic or some psychoanalytically derived perspective. Psychoanalytic therapy is the oldest form of psychological therapy and began with Sigmund Freud
As developed by Freud and his immediate followers, classical psychoanalysis is an intensive (at least three sessions per week), long-term procedure for uncover- ing repressed memories, thoughts, fears, and conflicts pre- sumably stemming from problems in early psychosexual development—and helping individuals come to terms with them in light of the realities of adult life. For example, excessive orderliness and a grim and humorless focus on rigorous self-control would probably be viewed as deriv- ing from difficulties in early toilet training.
Four basic techniques are used in this form of therapy: (1) free association, (2) analysis of dreams, (3) analysis of resistance, and (4) analysis of transference. |
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