Term
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Definition
Strokes, other injuries can cause problems with STM
Usually left temporal
very reduced digit span
Difficulty repeating sentences back verbatim
recency effect in list recall Understands / repeats sentence meanings |
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Term
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Definition
Injury to brain, commonly right posterior
Result: “Neglect” of left space Specifically attentional
Body-side neglect ex: Clock face
Object bisection tasks ex: Divide line in half
Visual discrimination ex: “Burning-house” pictures
Posterior brain area devoted to visual attention |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematically analyze own sensations and report as objectively as possible |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bringing information out of LTM |
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Term
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Definition
A pattern stored in memory
inflexible --> 1 idea of what A or key look like |
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Term
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Definition
Simple geometric components
used to construct bigger objects |
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Term
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Definition
| Listening to two messages at once and trying to follow only one |
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Term
| Information Processing Approach |
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Definition
•Mind is like a computer
•Things you experience stored in abstract form, sometimes called codes
–Usually don't store a literal copy in memory
–Mental representation
•Descendants of IP approach:
–Modules in the mind
–Parallel distributed processing (PDP)
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Term
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Definition
–Context or past experience FACILITATES (helps) pattern recognition
–Existing ideas & experience guide what's perceived |
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Term
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Definition
| Importance of stimulus in object recognition |
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Term
| Recognition by ComponentsTheory |
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Definition
Biederman
A specific view of an object can be broken down into geons |
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Term
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Definition
•Ex.: writing to dictation with distraction
•Reduces attentional demands
•Depends on practice
•Has its limits |
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Term
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Definition
Trying to pay attention to 2+ stimuli
accuracy decreases
i.e. texting and driving |
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Term
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Definition
–"Prepare" for next sound - changes position of tongue, lips etc.
–Result: Sounds vary according to other sounds before/after
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Term
| Atkinson & Shiffrin's Modal Model of Memory |
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Definition
•3 separate parts
•Info. “travels” between parts
–Sensory, short-term, long-term
•Has to go through all - no shortcuts
•Encoding: Put into storage
•Control processes: Strategies
–** Rehearsal ** |
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Term
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Definition
–Self-reference
–Generation effect |
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Term
Why not use introspection as the main
way to learn how the mind works? |
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Definition
Subjective
unmeasurable by others |
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Term
Whatare the advantages of having
top-downprocessing? |
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Definition
Speed
When stimuli are incomplete or amibiguous
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Term
Why aren’ttemplates a good theory of
humanpattern recognition? |
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Definition
Only 1 template
hard to assimilate |
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Term
| Whatdoesit mean tosay that faces are recognizedmore“holistically” than other objects? |
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Definition
| faces are recognized as a whole but other objects can be recognized just by their parts. |
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Term
| Name 3 key characteristics of attention |
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Definition
–Limited, like a resource
–Connected to consciousness
–Can be shifted, like a focus
–Demands subside w/practice
–certain brain areas underly attention
–verbal and visual attention are based in different brain areas |
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Term
Why is speech perception such an amazing ability(In otherwords, what
are the factors that make speech
perception difficult?) |
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Definition
Newborns can tell speech from nonspeech
•Identifying combinations of phonemes, morphemes
•Remarkably accurate, even under poor conditions
•Speed
–15 to 30 phonemes per second!
–No other sounds can be recognized at that rate
•Lack of distinct boundaries between words
–Ex.: Oronyms
•"we all scream for I-scream"
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Term
| Describe the factors that led psychologists away from strict behaviorism and towards the cognitive revolution |
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Definition
•Behaviorism: Dominant approach pre-1960s?
–Compare to, e.g., James and the functionalists
–Growing disenchantment with behaviorist approach
–Language acquisition and learning theory
•Rise of computers and artificial intelligence
•Availability of new methods
•Growing integration into other sub-areas
•"Cognitive science" |
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Term
| Describe the memory problems that resulted from the removal of H.M.’s hippocampus Also, describethe memory abilities that were not affected by the surgery. |
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Definition
–Removal of hippocampus
–Severe amnesia for new information (anterograde)
•Main deficits:
–New people –New facts, experiences –Dates; autobiographical info
•Preserved abilities:
–Pre-surgery people, facts, autobiographical
–** STM **
–Can learn new skills
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Term
| Summarizethe evidence in favor of Atkinson &Shiffrin’s model of memory. Summarize the evidence against their model. |
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Definition
| For:
Recency
Serial position
H.M.
Against:
encoded without rehearsal
levels of processing
implicit memory (guessing, amnesia) |
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Term
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Definition
Divided attention
Name colors, not words |
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Term
| Inaccurate recall of a familiar stimulus such as penny |
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Definition
| computer like coding just gets basic idea, not exact details |
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Term
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Definition
face recognition deficit
damage to temporal lobe
only faces |
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Term
| Poor recognition of upside down faces, isolated parts of faces |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Hearing name at a party
filter isn't absolute.. dichotic listening |
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Term
| "pop out" in visual search |
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Definition
blue x among red x's
focused attention |
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Term
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Definition
visual scene
attn interrupted
major change, difficult to detect |
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Term
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Definition
Sees series of letters..
remembers WORK better than ORWK
recognizes words |
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Term
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Definition
one trial
looks at cross, something else flashes.
doesn't notice: colored spots, moving bars, words
notices: own name and :) |
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Term
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Definition
instruct to not allow into consciousness.
becomes more aware |
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Term
| perception of word boundaries in speech |
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Definition
| hard to detect but humans gifted when it's language |
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Term
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Definition
hearing ba ba ba
seeing/hearing da da da
seeing ga ga ga |
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Term
| verbal transformation effect |
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Definition
repeat word over and over
start to hear something different |
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Term
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Definition
primacy and recency have best results
middle terms often forgotten |
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Term
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Definition
| gets change to be rehearsed and repeated mlst and is therefor easier to remember |
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Term
| hippocampal amnesia/ antereograde amnesia |
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Definition
severe amnesia for new information
H.M.
removal of hippocampus |
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