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| The scientific study of behavior and the mind |
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| more of one meanse more of the other= two variables increase or decrease together in the same direction |
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| an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other |
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| an organized set of principles that describes, predicts, and explains some phenomenon |
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| a specific testable prediction, often derived from a theory |
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| a concrete definition of a research variable in terms of the procedures needed to control and measure it |
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| What are the three methods of psychological measurement? |
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Definition
1. self-reports (a method of observation that involves asking people to describe their own thoughts, feelings, or behavior)
2. behavioral observations (form of research that is based on the firsthand observation of a subjects behavior)
3. Archival research (form of research that relies on existing records of past behavior) |
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| type of research that involves making in-depth observations of individual persons |
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| What parts make up the Central Nervous System? |
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| the brain and spinal cord |
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| nerve cells that serve as the building blocks of the nervous system |
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| nervous system cells, (aka neuroglia), that provide structural support, insulation, and nutrients to the neurons |
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| The order of how information travels in a neuron |
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| dendrites-> cell body-> axon-> axon terminals |
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| process by which people select, organize, and interpret sensations |
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| What are the four lobes of the brain? |
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| frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
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| a school of thought rooted in the idea that the whole (perception) is different from the sum of its parts (sensation) |
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| used to test depth perception in infants and animals |
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| What are the three perceptual constancies? |
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Definition
1. size constancy
2. color constancy
3. shape constancy |
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| constant in size despite retinal image |
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| constant in color despite lighting changes |
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| retains form despite changes in orientation |
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-convergance: our eyes get closer as objects get closer
-binocular disparity: the closer the object, the more different it will be to each retina |
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| distance cues that allow us to perceive depth with one eye, useful for far away objects |
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| a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from experience |
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| {Pavlov}- type of learning in which an organism comes to associate one stimulus with another (dogs and bell) |
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| the process by which organisms learn to behave in ways that produce reinforcement |
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| Punishment VS Reinforcement |
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Definition
PUNISHMENT= decreases likelihood of a prior response
REINFORCEMENT= increases likelihood of a prior response |
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| elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditoined stimulus (classical) or reinforcement (operational) |
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| observational learning; both desirable (helping) and undesirable (aggressive) behaviors may be learned in this manner |
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| the process by which information is retained for later use |
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| a memory storage system that records information from the senses for up to three seconds |
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| a memory storage system that holds about seven items for up to twenty seconds before the material is transferred to long term memory or is forgotten |
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| a relatively permanent memory storage system that can hold vast amounts of information for many years |
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| the recollections people have of their own personal experiences and observations |
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| the process of grouping distinct bits of information into larger wholes, or chunks, to increase short-term-memory capacity |
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| transfer of information into long-term memory, elaborative rehearsal |
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| interference, inhibition, or obliteration of the old by the new |
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| the tendency to incorporate false postevent information into one's memory of the event itself |
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| the tendency to think after an event that we knew in advance what was going to happen. |
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| highly vivid and enduring memories, typically for events that are dramatic and emotional |
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| a problem-solving strategy in which several solutions are attempted until one is found that works |
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| a systematic, step by step problem-solving strategy that is guaranteed to produce a solution |
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| a rule of thumb that allows one to make judgments that are quick but often in error, mental shortcuts |
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| a form of problem solving in which the solution seems to pop to mind all of a sudden |
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| Blind spots in problem solving |
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Definition
1. representation failures (looking at problem incorrectly, creating inexistant rules and boundaries)
2. functional fixedness (inability to see new applications to a problem, think of object restrictively)
3. Metal Sets (incorrectly use previous effective strategy on new problem) |
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| logical problem in which the goal is to determine the validity of a conclusion give two or more premises: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. |
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| the study of how people grow, mature, and change over the life span. |
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| a method of developmental research in which people of different ages are tested and compared. |
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| a method of developmental research in which the same people are tested at different times to track changes related to age. |
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| Sequence of Piaget's cognitive stages of development |
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Definition
Sensorimotor stage (0-2 yrs)
Preoperational stage (2-6 yrs)
Concrete operational stage (7-12 yrs)
Formal operational stage (12yrs-adult) |
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| a deep emotional bond that an infant develops with its primary caretaker |
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| in Piaget's theory, mental representations of the world that guide the processes of assimilation and accommodatoin |
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| developing at six to eight months, an awareness that objects continue to exist after they disappear from view |
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| the capacity to learn from experience and adapt successfully to one's environment |
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| someone who is highly precocious in a specific domain of endeavor. |
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| someone who is mentally retarded but is extraordinarily talented in some ways |
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| Gardner's 7 types of intelligence |
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Definition
1. Linguistic intelligence
2. Logical-mathematical
3. Spatial
4. Musical
5. Bodily-kinesthetic
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal |
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| the idea that a person's expectation can lead to its own fufillment (as in the effect of teacher expectations on student performance) |
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| stanford-binet, wechsler scales |
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| triarchic theory of intelligence |
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| sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical. |
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| an inner state that energizes people toward the fufillment of a goal |
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| Maslow's heirarchy of needs |
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Definition
from bottom:
Pysiological needs
safety needs
belongingness and love needs
esteem needs
need for self-actualization |
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| Why did Maslow arrange the heirarchy of needs in a pyramid? |
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Definition
| the needs at the bottom take priority over those at the top. the higher needs become important to us only after more basic needs are satisfied. |
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Definition
eating disorder;
the person, usually an adolescent girl or young woman, limits her eating and becomes emaciated. |
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| marked by cycles of binge eating followed by purging |
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| the sharing of intimate details about oneself with another person |
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| people are motivated to establish and maintain an optimum blance of social contact, they prefer to be in contact with others more often and are more likely to visit friends, etc to maintain social contact |
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| need for close and intimate relationships |
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| desire to accomplish difficult tasks, outperform others, and excel. |
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| desire to acquire prestige and influence over other people |
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the notion that physiological needs arouse tension that motivates people to satisfy their need.
ex: eating, drinking, sleeping, sex |
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| notion that people are motivated to acheive and maintain an optimum level of bodily arousal |
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| people are motivated to behave in ways that produce a valued inducement |
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| a feeling state characterized by physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and a cognitive interpretation |
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| the 6 universal facial expressions |
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Definition
1. surprise
2. anger
3. disgust
4. fear
5. joy
6. sadness |
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| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| the hypothesis that changes in facial expression can produce corresponding changes in emotion |
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| the theory that an emotion-eliciting stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological arousal and the experience of emotion |
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| the theory that emotion stems from the physiological arousal that is triggered by an emotion-eliciting stimulus |
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| the theory that emotion stems from the physiological arousal that is triggered by an emotion-eliciting stimulus |
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| the study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations |
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| the tendency to alter one's opinion or behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms |
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| the tendency for the presence of others to enhance performance on simple tasks and impair performance on complex tasks |
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| the tendency for people to exert less effort in group tasks for which individual contributions are pooled |
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| a group decision-making style by which group members convince themselves that they are correct |
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| a loss of individuality, often experienced in a group, that results in a breakdown of internal restraints against deviant behavior |
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| helping behavior that is motivated primarily by a desire to benefit others, not oneself |
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| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| in groups, a tendency for bystanders to assume that someone else will help |
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| Milgram's obedience study |
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Definition
| participants were ordered by the experimenter to administer painful electric shocks to a confederate. Although some people are more obedient than others, even decent human beings can be pushed to behave in ways that violate the conscience. |
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| cultural orientation in which cooperation and group harmony take priority over purely personal goals. interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony |
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| a cultural orientation in which personal goals and preferences take priority over group loyalty. independence, autonomy, self-reliance |
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| negative feelings toward others based solely on their membership in a certain group |
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| generalized beliefs that associate whole groups of people with certain traits |
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| behavior directed against persons because of their association |
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| implied rules of conduct in a culture or society. -display of affection, appropriate behavior, social proximity, laws |
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| classifying people into groups based on common traits |
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| an individual's distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors |
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| the 3 structures of personality (freud) |
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Definition
| the id, pleasure principle, superego |
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| What did Freud compare the human mind to? |
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Definition
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| unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety by denying and distorting reality. repression, denial, projection, reaction formation, rationalization, sublimation, etc. |
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| Freud's theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, both of which assume that our motives are largely unconscious |
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| cognitive social-learning theory |
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Definition
| an approach to personality that focuses on social learning (modeling), acquired cognitive factors (expectancies, values), and the person-situation interaction. |
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| an approach to personality that focuses on the self, subjective experience, and the capacity for fulfillment |
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| a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way |
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| the perspective that mental disorders are caused by biological conditions and can be treated through medical intervention. |
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| the perspective that mental disorders are caused and maintained by one's life experiences |
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| the perspective that psychological disorders are influenced by cultural factors |
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| What book is used for diagnosing mental disorders? |
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Definition
| DSM-IV (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| a psychological disorder that is characterized by a constant state of anxiety not linked to an identifiable source |
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by sudden and intense rushes of anxiety without an apparent reason |
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| an anxiety disorder in which the main symptom is an intense fear of pulic places |
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| an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation |
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| an intense fear of situations that invite public scrutiny |
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder defined by persistent thoughts (obsessions) and the need to perform repetitive acts (compulsions) |
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| a type of mental disorder in which a person experiences bodily symptoms that are psychological rather than medical in nature |
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| a disorder characterized by an unwarranted preoccupation with one's physical health |
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| a disorder in which a person temporarily loses a bodily function in the absence of a physical cause |
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| a mood disorder characterized by sadness, despair, feelings of worthlessness, and low self-esteem |
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Definition
| a rare mood disorder characterized by wild fluctuations from mania (euphoric) to depression |
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| seasonal affective disorder |
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Definition
| every year, during the short, dark days of winter, people become listless and withdrawn. |
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In the world, how many people commit suicide a year?
In the US? |
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Definition
1 million
30,000 in the US |
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| For every completed suicide, how many others attempted? |
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Definition
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| women vs men- how likely to attempt suicide? |
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Definition
| women are 3x's more likely than men, but men are 4x's more likely to succeed |
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| What percentage of suicides are those who are clinically depressed? |
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Definition
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| disorder marked by gross distortions of thought and perception and loss of contact with reality |
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| Symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
1. incoherent thinking
2. delusions
3. hallucinations
4. disturbed affect
5. bizarre behavior |
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| Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
positive- cognitive, emotional, and behavioral EXCESSES
negative- cognitive, emotional, and behavioral DEFICITS |
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Definition
1. disorganized
2. catatonic
3. paranoid
4. undifferentiated
5. residual |
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