Term
| What are the four early language development stages that infants go through? |
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Definition
1. Cooing
2. Babbling
3. Specific Vocalization
4. Telegraphic Speech |
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Term
| What is the 'cooing' stage or language development in infants? |
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Definition
| Cooing: (3-5 wks). Repetition of vowel sounds such as "ooo" and "ahh". |
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Term
| What is the 'babbling' stage of language development in infants? |
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Definition
| Babbling (4-6 months). Repetition of vowel-constant combos. Such as "kaka" or "bahbah". |
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Term
| What is the 'specific vocalization' stage of language development in infants? |
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Definition
| Specific vocalization (6-8 months). Vocalizations become specific to the native language. Generally first word is spoken by the end of 1st year. |
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Term
| What is the 'telegraphic speech' stage of language development in infants? |
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Definition
| Telegraphic speech (24 months). Vocabulary of nearly 200 words, uses grammatical 2-word combos. |
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Term
| Why were the early attempts to foster language in chimps unsuccessful? |
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Definition
| Because chimps can not foster or process language like humans. |
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Term
| What were the results of Kellogg's language experiment comparing a child and chimp? |
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Definition
-Chimp (Gua) learned to walk sooner than human (Donald).
-Chimp was more emotionally mature.
**BUT the human abilities surpass that of a chimp at age 2. |
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Term
| What was Gardner's language experiment involving chimps? |
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Definition
-Attempted to teach chimp basic sign language.
-By age 4, chimp (Washoe) could produce about 160 signs. |
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Term
| What is the cross-cultural nature of language development? |
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Definition
| Most babies, regardless of culture, develop language skills in very similar ways. All infants progress through the 4 stages prior to language development. |
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Term
| What is the definition of intelligence? |
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Definition
-The ability to use inductive and deductive reasoning.
-The cognitive capacity to reason, plan, solve problems and think abstractly. |
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Term
| What is the psychometrics approach to intelligence? |
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Definition
| Psychometrics- a branch of psychology dedicated to improving the way psychologists measure constructs of interest. |
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Term
| Who was the first psychologist to measure intelligence? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to factor analysis, what does a factor "g" mean? |
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Definition
Factory analysis- a statistical procedure used to lump similar variables together in order to reduce the amount of data one has to deal with.
-- "g" is a single variable representing multiple variables clumped together. |
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Term
| What is the definition of 'fluid intelligence'? |
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Definition
*Fluid intelligence- the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember
*We are BORN with this capability. |
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Term
| What is the definition of 'crystallized intelligence'? |
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Definition
*Crystallized intelligence- knowledge and abilities acquired as a result of experience.
*Knowledge learned in school |
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Term
| What is Howard Gardner's case study say about intelligence? |
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Definition
| -People sometimes show specialized skills or abilities that are not representative of a general ability. |
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Term
| What are some different types of intelligence? |
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Definition
*Analytical intelligence- frame problems effectively.
*Creative intelligence- apply what you've learned in new ways
*Practical intelligence- how well you fit into your environment. street smarts. |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa? |
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Definition
-underweight by 10-15%
-usually achieved by a severe restriction in diet and excessive exercise.
-usually begins in adolescence.
-THE DEADLIEST MENTAL ILLNESS ON THE PLANET. |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa? |
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Definition
-Maintain a normal body weight.
-Binging (thousands of calories in one sitting) and purging of food. |
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Term
| What are the 2 main differences between anorexia and bulimia? |
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Definition
-Anorexics are extremely underweight, bulimics have normal body weight.
-Anorexics do not eat, bulimics will eat but purge or vomit their food after. |
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Term
| What was the Alfred Kinsey survey research regarding human sexuality? |
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Definition
*1950's
-Kinsey surveyed different couples about their sexual behaviors.
FOUND: people were engaging in behaviors most thought were 'taboo' at the time. Revealed that just because women were sexual too, did not mean they were whores. Helped men and women better understand each other sexually. |
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Term
| What was the Masters & Johnson research on sexuality? |
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Definition
-had male and female hook up to machines and observed their stats during sexual intercourse.
--may have a problem w/ research subjects who would openly volunteer to perform intercourse in the 1960's.
-mapped out physiology of sex and orgasm.
-asserted that female and male sexuality is equal. |
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Term
| What are the 3 speculative causes of homosexuality discussed in class? |
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Definition
Homosexuality is NOT caused by:
1. a smothering mother or absent father
2. same-sex child play (quite common)
3. lack of proper role models |
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Term
| What is passionate love defined as? |
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Definition
Passionate Love- a state of total absorption between two lovers, including mood swings, intense emotions, and obsessive thinking.
*only lasts for 2 yrs. |
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Term
| What is Companionate Love defined as? |
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Definition
| Companionate Love- the affection two people feel for each other when their lives are deeply intertwined. |
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Term
| According to Attachment Theory, what are the 3 styles of attachment in adult relationships? |
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Definition
1. Secure: rarely jealous, don't fear abandonment.
2 Anxious-Ambivalent: Agitated, worried about abandonment. "clinger"
3. Avoidant: distrusting, avoid closeness |
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Term
| What are the 'primary emotions' that are universal in every culture? |
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Definition
-Happiness
-Surprise
-Anger
-Fear
-Disgust
-Sadness
*All other emotions are some form of these. |
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Term
| Freud believed that most of our thinking occurs at what level? |
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Definition
| -Freud believed that most of our thinking is in the subconscious and out of our level of awareness. |
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Term
| Freud's concept of personality involves what 3 parts? |
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Definition
-The ID
-The EGO
-The SUPEREGO |
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Term
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Definition
*ID: unconscious, instinctual part of us that wants to satisfy needs for pleasure and avoid all pain.
-The selfish beast
-We are born with the ID and learn to 'put it away' as we get older. learn to put other's needs first. |
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Term
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Definition
*EGO: finds realistic ways to satisfy ID needs.
-The self. |
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Term
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Definition
SUPEREGO: opposes the ID and enforces morality and parental authority, strives for perfection.
-The perfect self. |
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Term
| What is the 'referee' analogy regarding the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO? |
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Definition
-->Every day is a struggle between the SUPEREGO and ID. The EGO referees between the two.
When you wake up in the morning, the ID tells you to go back to sleep and turn off the alarm. The SUPEREGO tells you to get up and go to class so that you can get good grades. |
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Term
| What are the 6 defense mechanisms that the EGO deals with unconsciously threatening thoughts? |
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Definition
1. Repression: pushing thoughts out of awareness.
2. Regression: reverting to an earlier phase of development.
3. Denial: refusing to admit the truth of a situation.
4. Projection: placing your own unacceptable feelings onto someone else.
5. Displacement: directing emotions (anger) towards others (who are not the source of your anger).
6. Reaction Formation: an unconscious feeling appears as the opposite when brought to awareness. |
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Term
| What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development? |
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Definition
1. Oral stage
2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic stage
4. Latency stage
5. Genital stage |
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Term
| What is the "ORAL" stage of Freud's psychosexual development? |
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Definition
| Oral stage (0-1 yr): ID is gratified via the mouth (sucking and later biting). |
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Term
| What is the 'ANAL' stage of Freud's psychosexual development? |
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Definition
| Anal stage: (1-3 yrs.) ID is gratified via the anus (controlling and expelling feces). |
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Term
| What is the 'PHALLIC' stage of Freud's psychosexual development? |
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Definition
| Phallic: (3-6 yrs). Most important stage, ID is gratified via the genitials, child has unconscious sexual attraction to opposite sex parents. |
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Term
| What is the Oedipus Complex in the phallic stage? |
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Definition
| Oedipus Complex- the unconscious wish of boys to kill their fathers and possess their mothers. |
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Term
| What is Castration Anxiety in the phallic stage? |
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Definition
| Castration Anxiety- fear that father will castrate him if his desire for his mom is discovered. |
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Term
| What is the Electra Complex in the phallic stage? |
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Definition
| Electra Complex- girls want to possess mom, but realize that they have no penis, so they switch their feelings to dad. |
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Term
| What is Penis Envy in the phallic stage? |
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Definition
| Penis envy- upsetting discovery that girl does not have a penis. |
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Term
| What is the 'LATENCY' stage of Freud's psychosexual development? |
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Definition
| Latency- (6-11 yrs.) Sexual desire is repressed. Nothing happens here, energy is put into schoolwork, etc. |
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Term
| What is the 'GENITAL' stage of Freud's psychosexual development? |
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Definition
| Genital stage- (11 yrs+). Sexual desire is renewed, romantic interest in peers becomes central motive. |
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Term
| Why did Carl Jung break away from Freud's studies? |
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Definition
| Carl Jung did not agree with all of Freud's sexual references. |
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Term
| Why did the Neo-Freudian, Alfred Adler, break away from Freud's studies? |
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Definition
| Alfred Adler asked the question "How do we deal with feelings of inferiority?" |
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Term
| Why did the Neo-Freudian Karen Horney break away from Freud's studies? |
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Definition
| Karen Horney argued for fairer explanation of women. (power envy vs. penis envy) |
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Term
| How do humanistic theorists view personality? |
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Definition
| Humans have an innate tendency to reach their fullest potential. We want to be viewed positively by others. |
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Term
| What are the BIG FIVE personality traits? |
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Definition
-Openness
-Conscientiousness
-Extroversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism |
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Term
| What is 'Openness' in the Big Five Personality Traits? |
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Definition
| Openness: original, creative OR down to earth and conventional. |
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Term
| What is 'Conscientiousness' in the Big Five Personality Traits? |
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Definition
| Conscientiousness: careful, reliable OR careless, unreliable. |
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Term
| What is 'Extroversion' in the Big Five Personality Traits? |
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Definition
| Extroversion: sociable, talkative OR quiet, reserved. |
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Term
| What is 'Agreeableness' in the Big Five Personality Traits? |
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Definition
| Agreeableness: good-natured, soft-hearted OR irritable and callous. |
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Term
| What is 'Neuroticism' in the Big Five Personality Traits? |
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Definition
| Neuroticism: worried, high-strung OR calm, relaxed). |
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Term
| What is an objective personality test and a few examples? |
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Definition
Objective test: paper and pencil test that are scored objectively.
ex.) the MMPI- tests depression, anxiety.
ex.) the 16 Personality Factor Test- regular measure of personality extrovert, introvert. |
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Term
| What is a projective personality test? |
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Definition
Projective Personality Test- designed to reveal the person's unconscious mind.
ex.) inkblot test, thematic apperception test. |
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Term
| What is the difference between internal attribution and external attribution? |
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Definition
External Attribution: "something good must have happened to Joe."
Internal Attribution: "Joe's a very happy guy." |
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Term
| What is the definition of the Fundamental Attribution Error? |
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Definition
| Fundamental Attribution Error: we overestimate internal attributes in others and underestimate external ones. |
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Term
| What is the definition of Self-Serving Bias? |
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Definition
| Self-Serving Bias: We attribute our failures to external causes and our successes to internal causes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group think: the tendency for members of a group to think alike and suppress disagreement. |
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Term
| What was Milgram's study on obedience? |
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Definition
-a 'learner' and 'teacher'
- 'teacher' asks 'learner' questions and gives an electric shock for every wrong answer.
-testing to see how obedient the teacher will be when the learner is in obvious pain. |
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Term
| What was the Zimbardo Prison Study? |
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Definition
-Assigned either a prisoner or guard role to college males.
-After only a few days the roles were taken seriously and the men truly believed they were either a prisoner or guard.
FOUND: roles have a profound effect on our behavior, thoughts and feelings. |
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Term
| What was Ache's line experiment? |
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Definition
- Group of people sat in a room
- Only one person was a subject, the rest were in on the experiment.
- Showed a picture of a line, then asked which line matched the picture.
- the rest of the group chose a wrong answer
- tested to see how many people would conform to change their answer, even if they knew it was wrong, because the rest of the group did so.
FINDINGS: 5% always conformed, 70% conformed some of the time, 25% remained completely independent. |
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Term
| What is Bystander Apathy? |
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Definition
The diffusion of responsibility.
EX.) Kitty Genovese- stabbed in a courtyard in the middle of an apartment complex. Multiple people looked out their window and saw the murder. No one called the police because they assumed 'someone else has already called'. |
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Term
| What is the difference between prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination? |
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Definition
*Stereotypes= assumption that members of a group are all alike (+ or -)
*Prejudice- negative attitudes towards others based on gender, religion, race or other group characteristics.
*Discrimination= negative behavior towards others based on self-fulfilling prophecies. |
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Term
| Distinguish between Sternberg's Triangle Theory of Love... |
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Definition
| look @ image in text book |
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