Term
| What is Circadian Rhythm? |
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Definition
| Regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions or behaviors. |
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Term
| How many stages are in the Non-REM sleep cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of waves occur during stages 3 and 4 of Non-REM sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two names for REM sleep? |
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Definition
| "active sleep" or "paradoxical sleep" |
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Term
| What percentage of the night are you in REM sleep? |
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Definition
| REM sleep is 20-25% of a night's sleep. |
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Term
| What is the Freudian Interpretation of dreams? |
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Definition
| Freud believed dreams satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressive desires and so must be disguised. |
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Term
| What is the Problem-focused interpretation of dreams? |
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Definition
Dreams are an expression of current ongoing concerns and can resolve or clarify current problems.
"Relate images in dreams to things in your working life." |
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Term
| What is the Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis interpretation of dreams? |
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Definition
| Dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
-incurable sleep disorder disorder
- characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrolable attacks of REM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
-periods during sleep when breathing stops.
-the individual must awaken briefly in order to breath. |
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Term
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Definition
-difficulty falling asleep.
-waking too early.
-sleep that is light, restless, or of poor quality. |
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Term
| What is the definition of a stimulant and what are a few examples? |
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Definition
-a drug that speeds up the central nervous system.
-ex) caffeine, meth, cocaine. |
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Term
| What is the definition of a depressant and what are a couple examples? |
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Definition
-a drug that slows down the Central Nervous System.
-ex) alcohol, valium, xanax. |
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Term
| What is the definition of an Opiate and what are a few examples? |
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Definition
-an opiate is a pain reliever.
-ex) opium, heroin, methadone |
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Term
| What is the definition of a hallucinogen and what are a few examples? |
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Definition
-disrupt normal though process.
-ex) LCD, mushrooms |
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Term
| What are some facts about Marijuana? |
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Definition
- does not neatly fit into any of the drug classes.
- Most commonly used illicit drug in North America and Europe. |
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Term
| What is the definition of sensation? |
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Definition
| Information coming into the brain. |
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Term
| What is the definition of perception? |
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Definition
| Organizing and interpreting the information in the brain. |
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Term
| What is the absolute threshold? |
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Definition
| The smallest magnitude of a stimulus that can be detected. |
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Term
| What is the difference threshold? |
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Definition
| The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. |
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Term
| What is sensory adaptation? |
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Definition
| the PERCEIVED weakening of a sensation due to prolong exposure to the stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protective coating on the surface of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| The colored part of the eye that regulates the amount of light that enters. |
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Term
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Definition
| The opening of the iris. (the black part) |
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Term
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Definition
| The transparent portion of the eye that focuses light onto the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| images fall here, sensory receptors are here. |
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Term
| What is the trichromatic theory of color vision? |
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Definition
| There are three different kinds of cones in the eye and each respond to light in either red, blue, or green wavelengths therefore all sensations of colors result from stimulating a combination of these three cones. |
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Term
| What is the Opponent-Process Theory of color vision? |
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Definition
| In addition to the 3 types of cones in the trichromatic theory (red, blue, and green), there are "opponent process mechanisms" which respond to each of the cones. |
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Term
| What are the 4 Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization? |
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Definition
1. Proximity
2. Closure
3. Similarity
4. Continuation |
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Term
| What "Proximity" in the 4 Gesalt Principles of Perpetual Organization? |
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Definition
| Proximity- things that are close together are grouped together in the mind as if they belong together. |
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Term
| What is "Closure" in the 4 Gesalt Principles of Perpetual Organization |
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Definition
| Closure- incomplete figures tend to be seen as complete because our brain fills in missing information. |
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Term
| What is "Similarity" in the 4 Gesalt Principles of Perpetual Organization |
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Definition
| Similarity- similar things are seen as being related in our brain. |
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Term
| What is "Continuation" in the 4 Gesalt Principles of Perpetual Organization? |
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Definition
| Continuation- images are seen in ways that produce smooth continuation. |
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Term
| How does the pain-gate theory of pain work? |
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Definition
| There are nueral gates (endorphins) that control the transmission of pain impulses. The gate can be open (slow pain messages are not blocked, therefore we experience pain) or close (slow pain messages are blocked, therefore we do not experience the pain). |
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Term
| How does our sense of smell work? |
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Definition
| Airborne molecules enter the nose and are transferred to "olfactory bulb" in the brain for processing. |
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Term
| Where is smell processed in our brain? |
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Definition
| Processed directly through the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. |
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Term
| What is an example of Classical Conditioning? |
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Definition
| Pavlov and his dogs. The bell makes the dog salivate |
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Term
| What is a Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)? |
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Definition
| Stimulus that can elicit an unlearned response. (an instructional stimulus) |
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Term
| What is an unconditioned response (UCR)? |
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Definition
| An unlearned reaction to the unconditional stimulus. (an instinctual or inborn reaction) *salivation |
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Term
| What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)? |
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Definition
| Stimulus that elicits a response as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. (a learned stimulus) |
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Term
| What is a Conditioned Response (CR)? |
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Definition
| Response that is similar or identical to the unconditioned response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus. (a learned response) |
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Term
| Classical Conditioning definition.. |
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Definition
| A form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) that is identical to or very similar to the unconditioned response (UCR). |
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Term
| What are the four ways in which the consequences of our behavior can be influenced according to Operant Conditioning? |
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Definition
1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
3. Positive Punishment
4. Negative Punishment |
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Term
| What is Positive Reinforcement? |
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Definition
| When the consequence of a behavior leads to an INCREASE in the probability that the behavior will occur again. |
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Term
| What is Negative Reinforcement? |
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Definition
| An increase in behavior (reinforcement) that occurs as a result of the removal or avoidance of a negative event. |
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Term
| What is Positive Punishment? |
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Definition
| Presenting/adding an bad stimulus to an action. Ex.) a child misbehaves and receives hitting and yelling from a parent. |
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Term
| What is Negative Punishment? |
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Definition
| Taking away/subtracting a good stimlulus. Ex.) a child misbehaves and a parent takes away their toys, games, ...ect.. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rewarding a series of approximate behaviors until you get the behavior you want. |
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Term
| What is Stimulus Discrimination? |
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Definition
| Discriminating between appropriate and inappropriate occasions for a response. Ex.) learing to express sympathy when something sad as been told to us. |
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Term
| What happens when Stimulus Generalization Occurs? |
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Definition
| The tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response. Ex.) Little Albert was also afraid of white dogs and rabbits, not just mice. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of unlearning a response because the original source of learning has been removed from the environment. |
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Term
| What was Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment and what were the results? |
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Definition
| Children watched adults interact with a life-size Bobo doll. Children always did what the adults did. Ex.) adult beating up doll- children beat up the doll. |
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Term
| What is the 3 Box Model of Memory? |
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Definition
The processing of memories goes through 3 areas:
1. Sensory memory/sensory stage
2. Short term/working memory
3. Long term memory |
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Term
| What is the Sensory memory stage? |
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Definition
-very large capacity
-only brief material
- 1/2 seconds on visual
- 2 seconds on auditory |
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Term
| What is the Short Term Memory stage? |
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Definition
- also called 'working memory'
- limited capacity
- limited time (info only stays here for no more than 30 seconds)
- if rehearsed, info can move from here to long term memory storage. |
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Term
| What is procedural memory? |
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Definition
-memories of common physical procedures/muscle memory.
- mostly accessed w/o thinking
- highly robust to amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
| -memory of things we have personally experienced |
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Term
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Definition
| -memory of general knowledge, facts, word meanings. |
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Term
| Examples of different kinds of memories... |
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Definition
"I know how to play a guitar"= procedural
"I remember how to play guitar"=episodic
"I know what a guitar is" = semantic |
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Term
| What were the results of Neisser's Challenger study? |
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Definition
| Flashbulb memories change over time and are not as accurate. |
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Term
| What were the results of Loftus car crash study? |
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Definition
| people guessed the car at higher speeds with phrases like "collided with" and "smashed into" as opposed to just "contacted". |
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Term
| What are of the brain is crucial to memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Anterograde amnesia? |
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Definition
- The inability to learn NEW memories.
- More common form. |
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Term
| What is Retrograde amnesia? |
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Definition
- Inability to recall OLD memories.
- Less common form. |
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