Term
| 1.Define and provide examples of Social Norms |
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Definition
| Rules about how we are supposed to act enforced by threats of punishment if we violate them and promises of reward if we follow them. Ex: Elevators your are suppose to face forward |
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Term
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Definition
Positions that are regulated by norms about how people in those positions should behave
ex: A police officer can not run from gun shots |
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Term
| 2.What is attribution? be able to define what a disposition is. be able to distinguish between situational and dispositional attributions |
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Definition
Process of assigning causes to behavior we make our behavior and the behavior of others
Disposition-cause is an internal factor
enduring characteristics such as attitudes personality traits or abilities that guide a persons behavior
ex: They did it because they are evil/nice; something inside that makes them act like that
Situational-cause is an external factor operating within a situation ex: They thought they were doing what they were suppose to do ….. Their role |
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Term
| 3. Be able to define and recognize examples of fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behavior and underestimate impact of situational
Ex:when someone writes about a topic and your told they didn’t decide to be against or for. people tend to think writer actually believes what they are writing. ex : you think someone is a bad teacher rather than having a bad day. self serving bias is the opposite bad teacher had good day |
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Term
| 4. In regards to arsch's conformity study, what was the experimental design (how many people in group, who was acting, order in which opinion was asked) how many people were completely independent in their judgments? |
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Definition
| Experimental design was 9 people, 8 people being actors and 1 being you. Your put in the last seat. Questions were asked down the line. Eventually people before you would say wrong answer. 75% agreed with others even if they were wrong and 25% were independent in their answers. |
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Term
| 5. what is deindividuation? what effect does it frequently have on peoples behavior? |
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Definition
| Tendency of people to engage in the uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities. if you cant see persons face people will do things they normally wont. |
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Term
| 6. in regards to zimbardos stanford prison experiment what were the results of the psychological screening of the participants before and after the experiment? why wasn’t the study just conducted with actual prisoners and guards. |
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Definition
| the study didn’t want the guards to punish the prisoners for something they actually did. they couldn’t control for prison guards who might be angry and antisocial who become prison guards. Already their identity as prisoner and guard. |
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Term
| 7. how long was the stanford prison experiment supposed to last? howw long did it last? why did the study conclude early? Describe the behaviors of the prisoners and guards changed within a few days |
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Definition
it was supposed to last 14 days the experiment only lasted 6 days. Zambardo realized the impact he was having on people from his girlfriend who said she didn’t
want to be associated with him if he doesn’t stop. some guards humiliated prisoners more and more. prisoners started breaking down. zimbardo gave ptsd tests to prisoners. only one prisoner said he was permanently damaged. all zimbardo said was keep order in the hall |
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Term
| 8. be able to define group polarization. why might political beliefs become more extreme over time? |
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Definition
tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members.
Ex: people at liberal college become liberal. |
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Term
| 9. in regards to milgrams obedience study be able to describe the following roles and responsibilities : teacher, learner, and experimenter. Be able to describe the experimental apparatus (shock machine). of those roles who was acting and whose reactions were genuine? who was actually shocked in the study? how were Teachers recruited for the study? |
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Definition
| Teacher was supposed to shock the learner to help them learn. Learner is said to be a participant but in reality was recorded on an audio tape. experimenter was in on it too. teachers recruited from flyer and were paid 4 dollars with various occupation. teachers was given a shock to let them know the pain. |
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Term
| 10. milgram surveyed psychiatrists, students, and middle class adults about how they thought the experiment would turn out. be prepared to summarize those results. be prepared to also summarize the actual outcomes of the original studies. for both summaries include how many would actually press the button and how far they would go in administering the "shocks" |
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Definition
| they thought no on would go all the way and only people at risk for being serial killers would go all the way. they predicted 1/1000 would go all the way. 12.5% gave 300 volts. 65% gave 450 shock. |
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Term
| 11. does milgrams obedience study and zimbardos stanford prison experiment argue for situational or dispositional control over behavior? be able to explain your answer. |
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Definition
| They argue for situational because they were influenced by their role and what was going on around them. Good apples thrown into a bad bunch. |
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Term
| 12. What is diffusion of responsibility? What is justification of effort and how is it related to cognitive dissonance? |
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Definition
Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. When there are more people at an emergency, the less each person feels responsible. In a group of two you feel 50%responsible, so on, Probability for helping does down the more people are there.
Tendency of individuals to increase their likeing for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain. ex gers had to look like a smuck for a frat so now they love the frat jk.
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Term
| 13. What is cognitive dissonance? What is justification of effort and how is it related to cognitive dissonance? |
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Definition
When we alter our attitudes because we experience an unpleasant state of tension; changing beliefs so you don’t feel uncomfortable. Ex: Sally steals (bad person) steals for family, changed her belief so she would feel better about stealing.
Tendency of individuals to increase their likeing for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain. ex gers had to look like a smuck for a frat so now they love the frat jk.
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Term
| 14. What is self perception theory |
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Definition
| idea that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors. |
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Term
| 15. Be able to define impression management theory |
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Definition
| Theory that we don’t actually change our opinion we just say we do so we don’t seem inconsistent. Don’t want to look like hypocrites. |
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Term
| 16. What is the norm of reciprocity? how does the raffle ticket study illustrate this? |
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Definition
| the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits and by responding with indifference or hostility to harms ex you scratch my back ill scratch yours. ex people would approach people at airports/train stations give them a fake rose would you donate a dollar to heart Christian. regan study did art appreciation study you looked at painting and then they look at your response. Confederate leave(trustee). returns and gives participant a coke (or nothing) asks participant to buy raffle tickets. dependent variable (people who bought coke) spent on a raffle |
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Term
| 17. What is the foot-in-the-door technique? be able to recognize examples of this technique. also be able to explain how the foot in the door technique relates to milgrams obedience research. |
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Definition
| compliance behaving in a manner consistent with an implied or direct request for a certain form of behavior while privately disagreeing. ftd-making a small request before making a big one. it relates in the way that they asked people to participate in a study at yale, and the first 15 voltage. |
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Term
| 18. Be able to define door in the face and low ball techniques . for all persuasion techniques, be prepared to recognize different examples |
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Definition
| Making an unreasonably large request before making the small request hoping to have granted ex asking for 250 then 20.. lbt-seller of products starts by quoting a low sales prices then mentions all of the add on costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product. ex car sales you think you pay 19000 then you realize thats basic package. ex2 low tuition but lots of fees. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief positive or negative about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group, |
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Term
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Definition
| Prejudging something negatively; coming to unfavorable conclusion before evaluating all the evidence. |
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Term
| 20. in regards to jane elliots eye color study explain the experimental procedures and the behavior of the children |
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Definition
| She informed her students that children with a certain eye color were superior. the children with the favored eye color became arrogant and condescending while the unflavored eye color children became submissive and insecure. Later reversed (children if the other eye color are superior). |
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Term
| 21.be able to define stereotype threat |
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Definition
| A burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance due to negative stereotypes about his or her groups abilities. |
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Term
| 22. Explain the general procedures for the Robbers cave study and the main lesson of this research |
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Definition
Took 22 5th graders on camping trip; split into two groups Eagles and Ratters and got them to get aggressive against each other(name calling) ,food throwing, and fights. Then set up in situations where they would have to work together and eventually the tension and aggressiveness towards them went away.
The Purpose was that one way of reducing prejudice is to encourage people to work toward a shared higher purpose. |
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Term
| 23. Describe the steps for creating a jigsaw classroom |
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Definition
| Where teacher’s assigns children separate tasks that all need to ne fit together to create project. This helps decrease racial prejudice. |
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