1. Intrinsic reinforcers 

Stimuli produced by persons own behavior. ex a musician you really like playing the instrument

Extrinsic reinforcers 

Stimuli produced by natural environmental contingences (a future event or circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty) or by others

Ex: musicians do it for the money

2. What is the overjustification effect? Is this effect caused by the delivery of extrinsic rewards or expectations of rewards? How do reinforcers and rewards differ

1) The undermining of intrinsic motivation by the application of extrinsic rewards to intrinsically motivated behavior Occurs when a behavior is intrinsically reinforced at first but extrinsic applied later.

2)When extrinsic is withdrawn motivation decreases, so extrinsic rewards increase motivation when your rewarded for doing well not for just doing it.  overjustification happens when rewards are expected

3. What is the relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior? What environmental variables seem to play a part in aggression? Why can we NOT conclude that these hormones and other variables cause aggression? 

1)Testosterone has shown a relationship with aggression only when aggression is reinforced.

2)Family behavior and peers and media .

3) We can not conclude that these hormones and other variables cause aggression because the correlation does not prove causation. 

4. What are the effects of androgen on sexual activity and interest?

relationship between testosterone and sex drive is more clear. Artificially raising levels increase sex drive above placebo.

5. what are the three major conclusions from the bell 1981 study on homosexuality

1)   Sexual orientation appears to be determined before adolescence and before homosexual or heterosexual activity.

2)   Most homosexual men and women have engaged in some hetero experiences during childhood and adolescence, but in contrast to their hetero counterparts, they found these experiences unrewarding .

3)   A strong relation exists between gender nonconformity (guys that were not masculine and girls who weren’t feminine.) in childhood and development of homosexuality.

6. Be able to describe details of the Phineas gage accident. What area of his brain was injured and is primarily identified as responsibility for personality?

A steel rod went through his cheek and brain. Before he was serious, industrious, and energetic. After he became childish,irresponsible, and thought less of others. Had outbursts of temper and was unable to carry out plans and his actions seemed capricious and whimsical. 2) His ventral prefrontal cortex was damaged

Ventral prefrontal cortex

Which is a region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the anterior frontal lobes, involved in emotional behavior.

7. Describe the two runaway trolley scenarios including the common elements of the two scenarios and how the reactions differ. In regards to emotion and logic what do these scenarios illustrate about moral judgment.

1) You are standing by a switch that would stop the trolley. Save 5 people by killing one worker because he is standing on the track if you hit the switch or just stand there, Most would save the 5 by killing one 2) scenario 2, no switch is at hand, your on a bridge over the track. You throw the obese man over and his body will stop the trolley. People would not do that.

Moral judgments appear to be guided by emotional reactions and are not simply the products of rational, logical decision making process.

8. Define the James Lange theory of emotion (be clear about the sequence of responses and emotions) be able to explain this in terms of self-observations and how we make attributions.

-The theory of emotion proposing that behavioral and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations; feelings of emotion are produced by feedback from these behavioral and physiological responses.

-The bear evokes physiological, behavioral, responses and that stimuli produced these responses, in turn, evoke feelings of fear.

-Heart rate increases when bear is seen.

-Brain receives sensory feedback from the muscles and from organs that produce these. Responses and it is this feedback that constitutes our subjective feelings of emotions.

-Related to attribution We are self observer’s. 

9. Be able to define personality

A particular pattern of behavior and thinking prevailing across time and situations that differentiates one person from another

10. What is a personality trait?

An enduring personal characteristic that reveals itself in a pattern of behavior in a variety of situations

1.     Openness (to experience)

2.     Conscientious-

3.     Extroversion- seek the company of others, engage in conversation and other social behaviors

4.     Agreeableness

5.     Neuroticism- anxious, worried, full of guilt.

12. According to the behavioral perspective, what is the major determinant of personality?  2)What is a repertoire and 3)how might that influence environmental variables

1) Genetic factors and contingencies

Contingencies- learning factors

2)  A set of skills primarily acquired through your learning history

3)Reciprocal Determination- form of causion where personality, cognitive factors, behavior, and environmental variables naturally influence one another, tendency for people to mutually influence each other 

13. Be able to define social cognitive theory

The Idea that both consequences of behavior and an individuals beliefs about those consequences determine personality 

14. What is reciprocal determinism? 

Idea that behavior, environment and personal variables interact to determine personality

What is self-efficacy?

Peoples beliefs about how well or badly they will perform tasks

15. Be able to define and identify examples of external and internal locus of control. Which type of control is associated with better achievements and health

Internal Locus of control-self reliant, I control my destiny ex) lost my temper

External Locus of control- Reliant on fate, luck, society. Others control my destiny ex) Bad Luck

Internal control is used is associated with better achievements and health

16. What is positive psychology? how is it similar to and different from humanistic psychology

A program of psy that examines the basis of optimal human functioning, with emphasis on the origins processes, and mechanisms of human well being.

Concerns valued aspects of personality, but more closely identified with the scientific methods of biological, behavioral, cognitive, and social research. 

completely unconscious reservoir of libido, the psychic energy that fuels instincts and psychic processes. Pleasure, basic instincts. Our primitive impulses.

Manager of personality making decisions balancing the pleasure that will be pursued at the id’s demand against the person’s safety and morals, dictates of the super ego. RATONAL

Source of one’s moral values, divided into the conscience, the internalization of society’s rules and regulations and the ego ideal. The internalization of ones goal.

18. Which part of the psyche uses defense mechanisms? What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?

ID and super ego is used

Mental systems that become active when unconscious instinctual drives of the id come into conflict with the internalized prohibitions of the super ego

19. When do psychosexual stages begin to affect our personality development ? be able to list the five psychosexual stages in the order in which they occur and what happens during each stage after which psychosexual stage is the bulk of ones personality formed

When we are born

Oral, Anal , Phallic, Latency , Genital

Bulk of our personality is formed after the Phallic Stage

2-3 years old – Toilet training-pleasure holding and releasing bowel movements. Anal Retentive Obsession for cleanliness Anal Expulsive- Opposite 

3-6 years old- Genital awareness- attraction of opposite sex parent

6- puberty- sexual urges are repressed and submerged into unconscious- own sex play & gender roles.

5. Genital stage

Puberty and onward- sexual impulses awaken & begin to matur into romantic attraction.

20. What is the Oedipus complex? How is this stage resolved for boys? Be prepared to clearly describe the involved emptions for both parents and the process in which these emotions are resolved

Conflict during phallic stage when boys love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals.

Extreme jealousy or hostility towards fathers  

Resolved by abandoning love for mother and identifying with fathers to avoid retaliation, and adopt father’s characteristics.

Super ego is developed through identifying.

21. According to Jungian theory, what is the collective unconscious? What are the archetypes?

Shared unconscious memories and ideas inherited from our ancestors over the course of human evolution

Universal thought form and patters that Jung believed resided in the collective unconscious. 

22. According to Adler what is the major motivational force in life?

Striving for superiority- our motivation to achieve our full potential.

he argued that it is born from our need to compensate for our inferiority.

23. Related to falsifiability, representative samples, and operational definitions, be able to explain how the psycho dynamic approach to personality is problematic

1.Falsifiability- The theories were not developed in a way to permit the possibility of disconfirmation

2. Representative samples- Based on the experiences of only a few atypical patients

3. Operational Definitions- The concepts within the theories were defined precisely enough to allow independent observations or measurement.

24. What is the humanistic approach to personality?

An approach to the study of personality that emphasizes the positive, fulfilling aspects of life

25. How many levels are there to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs be able to provide all of the levels and define self actualization how does one progress through the levels

1. Physiological needs: Food, water, 02, rest

2.Safty needs: Security, comfort, freedom from fear

3. Attachment needs: To love and be loved, friends

4.Esteem needs: To be competent & recognized

5.Cognitive needs: Curiosity, exploration, understanding of world

6. Aesthetic needs: Harmony, order, beauty

7. Self Actualization : to achieve ones full potential

One progresses through the levels by first satisfying the basic needs & motivation

26. According to carl Rodgers what are the conditions of worth? What is unconditional positive regard?

Conditions that others place on us from receiving their positive regard

Basic support and acceptance of the person. Love &acceptance with no strings attached

27. What are two scientific problems with the humanistic approach?

-Concepts are defined subjectely and are difficult to test empirically

-Can not account for the origins of personality. Subjected to nominal fallacy; describes personality but does not explain it

28. Compare and contrast objective and projective tests of personality. Which type of test has the best reliability and validity?

29. what was the MMPI designed for? what caution is relevant when extending the use of a validated test to new setting?

30. describe how the rorschach and thematic apperception tests assess personality

31. why do some psychologists use the rorschach and tat despite the fact these tests are very poor from a scientific perspective