Term
| According to Hawley and Weisz (2005), which of the pairs of variables below were correlated? |
|
Definition
| Parent-therapist alliance and treatment participation |
|
|
Term
| What must the therapist clarify at the outset of child therapy, according to the APA ethics code? |
|
Definition
| Circumstances under which confidentiality will be maintained. |
|
|
Term
| According to Casey and Berman (1985), how effective is child therapy by comparison to adult psychotherapy? |
|
Definition
| Across all techniques, they reported an effect size comparable to that reported by smith and glass in their review of adult psychotherapy literature. |
|
|
Term
| According to the meta-analysis of child therapy efficacy by Kazdin, Bass, Ayers, & Rodgers 1990), what discrepancy between research and practice was troubling? |
|
Definition
| Found that treatment studies often relied on volunteer samples recruited through schools and treated in a group format. In contrast, surveys indicated that clinical practice more commonly involved individual treatment of referred patients in outpatient clinics. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following treatments is found most often in table 13.1, "Evidence Based Psychological Treatments for Children and Youth?” |
|
Definition
| CBT (individual or group) |
|
|
Term
| What did Huey and Polo (2008) find in their meta-analysis of treatment efficacy among ethnic minority youth? |
|
Definition
| Ethnic disparity-some studies show that evidence based treatments work better for majority clients, while others show that they work better for minority clients. |
|
|
Term
During a ________ , a parent unintentionally rewards a child for whining or aggression
(by withdrawing a demand or providing attention) and the child giving rewards the parent for givingin to his or her complaints (by ceasing the aversive behavior). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because research has consistently found that distressed families engage in fewer positive interactions than non-distressed families, an important goal in parent management training is to increase... |
|
Definition
| Reinforcement for positive behavior |
|
|
Term
| What technique(s) do behavior therapists use to avoid teaching parents to turn their children into monsters who only behave if bribed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do Hunsley and Lee define a time-out? |
|
Definition
| The child doesn't have access to reinforcers for a brief period following misbehavior |
|
|
Term
| When 700 foster families caring for children aged 5-12 were randomly assigned to 16 weeks of parent management training or usual care, what was the outcome? |
|
Definition
| The intervention increased the chances of a successful outcome of the foster placement |
|
|
Term
Which treatment uses Bronfen brenner’s ecological theory to work with youth in the
context of numerous systems by having the therapist coordinate all coordinate all that the youth receive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fraction of young people experience an episode of major depression by the time they turn l8? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What five parenting practices are associated with the development of prosocial versus deviant behavior? |
|
Definition
| Skill encouragement, discipline, monitoring, problem solving, and positive involvement |
|
|
Term
| According to viewpoint box 14.1, what can be said about sudden gains in psychotherapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Below you will find a list of client attributes. Which client attributes are associated with better response to psychotherapy (in terms of engagement, completion, or symptoms levels at end of treatment)? |
|
Definition
| 1, 6,7, and 8 (socioeconomic status, ego strength, psychological mindedness, positive treatment expectations) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following therapist variables are associated with poorer treatment engagement, increased rate of early termination, or worse symptoms on completion of treatment? |
|
Definition
| 9 (therapist who avoids all self-disclosure) |
|
|
Term
| According to Beutler and colleagues (2004), therapist interpretations were most successful for which group of clients? |
|
Definition
| Therapist interpretations were most successful with clients who had good interpersonal skills. |
|
|
Term
| What client variables seem to help determine whether a therapist will achieve better results by being more directive or less so? |
|
Definition
| Its determined by the client's level of psychological reactance. |
|
|
Term
| What did Kazantzis et al. (2007) and Kazantzis et al. (2005) find in relation to the effectiveness of homework assignments? |
|
Definition
| The association between the use of homework assignments and positive treatment outcomes and an effect size of r = .22 |
|
|
Term
| The _ refers to the quality and strength of the collaborative relationship between client and therapist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "dodo bird verdict" in psychotherapy research? |
|
Definition
| Rosenzweig's hypothesis that, because all therapies are based on common curative factors, they must be equivalent in their effects. |
|
|
Term
| According to John Norcross, which of the following are demonstrably effective elements of psychotherapy relationships? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Greenberg, Elliott, Watson, and Bohart (2001) reviewed data on the relationship between therapist empathy and outcome, what did they find? |
|
Definition
| Empathy correlated r=.32 with outcome |
|
|
Term
| Beutler and Castonguay (2006) formulated a list of empirically based principles of therapeutic change. Which of the following does not appear on that list? |
|
Definition
| Therapist should follow empirically proven treatment manuals whenever possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of research that examines patterns using therapist and or client data, that are evident within therapy sessions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Addresses the question of which intervention is most efficacious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Research that examines the relation between variables related to the process of providing psychotherapy and the outcome of therapy |
|
|
Term
| List five common factors in psychotherapy |
|
Definition
All therapies show common therapeutic elements that are responsible for client improvement,
All therapies rely on these common factors to bring about change all therapies should be equivalent in outcome.
Support factors: reduce isolation; provide reassurance, therapeutic alliance, therapist expertise, therapist respect, empathy, acceptance, warmth, catharsis, release of tension.
Learning factors: advice, cognitive learning, emotional experiencing, insight, feedback, exploration of assumptions, beliefs, expectations
Action factors: practice, modeling, reality testing, facing fears, working through issues, development of mastery, behavioral regulation. |
|
|
Term
| The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health defines functioning in terms of... |
|
Definition
| Body functions, activities, and participation |
|
|
Term
| The ICF defines ______ as impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) revealed that _ (%) of adults over 75 report an activity limitation due to a chronic health condition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors were associated with greater rates of health related activity restriction? |
|
Definition
| Age, least education, and lowest family income |
|
|
Term
| A clinical-health psychologist must have training in clinical psychology generally as well as specialized training in health related issues (True or False) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a variable to be taken into account in health psychology assessment and intervention? |
|
Definition
| Illness variables, the patient, social, family, and cultural contexts, and the health care system. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of US adults suffer from chronic pain (pain that persists for more than 6 months)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following variables is/are associated with chronic pain? |
|
Definition
| All of the above (lack of social support, low job satisfaction, dysfunctional beliefs about pain, possibility of compensation) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is/are common goals of cBT for chronic pain? |
|
Definition
| Motivate patient, realistic goals; recognition of gradual process, develop capacity to reduce muscle tension, reduce use of analgesics; increase appropriate exercise; increase balanced response to pain, address fears and avoidance of more active lifestyle, realistic appraisals of pain, awareness of choices, capacity to activate support, clear communication, lifestyle changes so that skills are applied consistently |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following areas should be part of the training of neuropsychologists? |
|
Definition
| All of the above (neuroanatomy, pharmacology, and neuropathology) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would typically be assessed in a neuropsychological evaluation? |
|
Definition
| Examines memory, abstract reasoning, problem solving, spatial abilities, and the emotional consequences of brain dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
| Which criticism of neuropsychological assessment was raised in chapter l5? |
|
Definition
| All of the above (context may mask some deficits, some tests are normed on small samples, many norms of the tests are based on samples that under-represent minority groups) |
|
|
Term
The AHA conducted a survey of rehabilitation programs (2008) and found that the
majority of patients (many who had had a stroke or brain injury) received treatment from what kinds of professionals? |
|
Definition
| Speech therapist and occupational therapist |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following neuropsychological problems has an adequate literature to demonstrate the efficacy of psychological intervention? |
|
Definition
| People dealing with impairment and disability related to neurological injury and disease |
|
|
Term
| The majority of forensic psychologists are involved in direct provision of services (true or false) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do psychologists establish that they have advanced competencies in forensic clinical psychology? |
|
Definition
| Certification by the American Board of Forensic Psychology |
|
|
Term
| Meta-analytic research shows CBT for incarcerated convicts has a delta of .51 and therefore may reduce recidivism from 54% to ____ %. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following measures are considered unacceptable for use in forensic evaluations, according to Lilly (2003)? |
|
Definition
| Projective drawings, TAT, Sentence completion, Rorschach, 12 PF |
|
|
Term
| What is considered the single best predictor of violent behavior? |
|
Definition
| Hare Psychopathy Checklist-2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the five simple instructions for behavioral (stimulus control) management of sleep problems? |
|
Definition
Go to bed when sleepy
Use bed or bedroom only for sleeping
Get out of bed when unable to sleep and return when sleepy
Get up at the same time every day no matter how little you have slept
Do not take daytime naps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| application of knowledge in the assessment and remediation of problems associated with the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reliance on knowledge of psychological research with respect to health in efforts to promote healthy lifestyles as well as to help people adjust to health problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| application of psychology in the legal and criminal justice systems |
|
|
Term
| The acronym S.M.A.R.T. is used in treatment planning to help professionals evaluate goals. What does it stand for? |
|
Definition
| Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and timely |
|
|
Term
| In 1952, Hans Eysenck published a highly influential article in which he… |
|
Definition
| Argued that the rates of improvement among clients receiving psychodynamic or eclectic therapy were comparable to, or even worse than, rates of remission of symptoms among unrelated clients |
|
|
Term
| In Eysenck’s 1952 study, which group had the best outcomes? |
|
Definition
| Spontaneous recovery occurred for 72% or untreated patients |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following criticisms has been directed at Eysenck’s 1952 study? |
|
Definition
Which of the following criticisms has been directed at Eysenck’s 1952 study?
Threats to internal validity
No random assignment, no control groups
Eysenck’s criteria for establishing clinical improvement were arbitrary and biased against finding positive therapeutic efforts
Interpretation of results was colored by preexisting biases for and against the value of traditional psychotherapies |
|
|
Term
| What statistical method allows psychotherapy researchers to summarize the results of hundreds of published studies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who were the first researchers to publish a large-scale meta-analysis of psychotherapy? |
|
Definition
| Mary Smith and Gene Glass |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statistics can be used as an indicator of effect size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Based on Smith and Glass’s 1977 findings, the average effect size for psychotherapy was |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In percentage terms, Smith and Glass’s 1977 study showed that the average person receiving treatment was better off at the end than ___ % of those who had not received treatment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a treatment had no effect whatsoever, what should the average effect size be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a treatment had no effect whatsoever, then the average person receiving treatment should be better off at the end than ___ % of those who had not received treatment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1980, Smith, Glass, and Miller conducted a more sophisticated review of the psychotherapy literature with dissertations included. They found that psychotherapy had an average effect of delta =_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the 1980 finding of Smith, Glass, and Miller, in which they did a more sophisticated review of the psychotherapy literature with dissertations included, the average person receiving psychotherapy is better off than ___ % of people who did not receive therapy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Dobson (1989) and Robinson, Berman, and Neimeyer (199) examined research on treatments for depression, what did they find? |
|
Definition
| cognitive therapy had a very large effect size compared with waiting-list control (d>1.5) but only a small relative advantage over other treatments such as behavior therapy |
|
|
Term
| When Chambles and Gillis (1993) reviewed research on the treatment of anxiety disorders, what did they find? |
|
Definition
| Cognitive-behavioral treatments were, in general, very efficacious compared with no-treatment conditions, but the extent to which treatments differentially emphasized cognitive or behavioral elements had little impact on treatment outcome |
|
|
Term
| When Thompson-Brenner et al. (2003) did a multi-dimensional meta-analysis on bulimia nervosa, what overall dropout rate did they find in the RCT’s they examined? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What method did Drew Westen and colleagues use to factor in considerations such as external validity, clinical utility, number of patients excluded from RCT’s, recovery rates, and persistence of benefits over time? |
|
Definition
| Multidimensional meta analyses |
|
|
Term
| When Thompson-Brenner et al. (2003) did a multi-dimensional meta-analysis on bulimia nervosa, what was the general range of effect sizes for therapy versus no treatment? |
|
Definition
| d values in the range of .9 to 1.0 |
|
|
Term
| When Thompson-Brenner et al. (2003) did a multi-dimensional meta-analysis on bulimia nervosa, what percentage of patients recovered completely? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Thompson-Brenner et al. (2003) did a multi-dimensional meta-analysis on bulimia nervosa, how many patients were excluded from RCT’s on bulimia (as a percentage)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Stirman and colleagues (2003) compared the symptom severity of patients in RCT’s to that of patients in ordinary clinical practice, which group was generally found to have worse symptoms before treatment began? |
|
Definition
| The average severity of symptoms reported in RCTs of evidence-based treatments is greater than that found in patients seeking routine psychotherapy services |
|
|
Term
| How might Stirman, DeRubeis, Crits-Cristoph, and Rothman (2005) respond to the criticism that it is impossible to use RCT outcome data to choose treatments because clients usually have more than one disorder? |
|
Definition
| It is highly likely that the patient would meet commonly used inclusion criteria used in the RCTs for the comorbid diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| Expert review panels have translated the knowledge gained from research into _____ to help practitioners make evidence based practice decisions. |
|
Definition
| Clinical Practice Guidelines |
|
|
Term
| What social forces helped prompt the APA Society of Clinical Psychology to form a task force on the promotion and dissemination of psychological procedures? |
|
Definition
| The goal of the task force was to set a standard for defining treatment efficacy that was comparable to standards used in other areas of health care…. health care practices to be both demonstrable effective and cost effective… shape the nature of both federal and state health care policy, and there appeared to be a very real danger that access to mental health and behavioral health care services might be curtailed because of perceptions that such services were both expensive and relatively ineffective |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the term Evidence Supported Treatment and the term evidence based treatment? |
|
Definition
Evidence Supported Treatment (EST) is a treatment or intervention protocol that has scientific, empirical research evidence for its efficacy with its intended problems and populations
Evidence-based practice refers to the use of research and scientific studies as a base for determining the best practices in a field |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of evidence are required for something to be designated as an efficacious EST (Empirically Supported Treatment) (Chamblebs and Hollon, 1998)? |
|
Definition
| The superiority of the EST must have been shown in at least two independent research settings. If the data from all studies of the treatment are conflicting, the preponderance of the well-controlled data must support the EST efficacy |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of evidence are required for something to be designated as an probably efficacious EST (Empirically Supported Treatment) (Chambles and Hollon, 1998)? |
|
Definition
| One study is sufficient for this designation, in the absence of conflicting evidence |
|
|
Term
| What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that it is premature to come up with a list of treatments with empirical support? |
|
Definition
| Given (a) the pressing need for services that work, (b) hundreds of treatment studies, and (c) the millions of dollars spent on psychotherapy research to date, it is time for greater professional and public awareness of what works |
|
|
Term
| What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that the EST criteria – for example, requiring RCT’s and treatment manuals – are a disadvantage for some therapeutic orientations? |
|
Definition
| The criteria may require some psychotherapy researchers to provide more details about the nature of the treatments they study, but researchers from psychodynamic, experiential, interpersonal, and cognitive-behavioral approaches have been able to develop treatment manuals and conduct RCTs |
|
|
Term
| What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that patients in RCT’s are not representative of patients in the “real world” who seek therapy? |
|
Definition
| It is an important issue that requires further empirical attention. Initial indications are that, by and large, patients in RCTs may have more severe problems than those typically found in clinical practice |
|
|
Term
| What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that EST designations are based on efficacy trials, but do we really know that these treatments can work in the “real” world? |
|
Definition
| This is an extremely important point, as effectiveness trials are critical for ensuring that treatments can be appropriately delivered in clinical practice. However, the relation between efficacy and effectiveness trials should be seen as evolutionary, because it only makes sense to mount an effectiveness trials for a treatment that has been shown to work in efficacy trials |
|
|
Term
| What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that treatment manuals can never quite capture the subtle nuances necessary for clinical services? |
|
Definition
| True, but manuals are not intended to do this. Through clinical training is necessary for the appropriate application of treatment manuals |
|
|
Term
| What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that using an EST requires the clinician to follow, step-by-step, the treatment manual, thus leaving no room to tailor therapy to the client’s individual needs? |
|
Definition
| This criticism may have been valid for the first wave of treatment manuals developed in the 1970s and 1980s. However, most manuals now outline the key elements of treatment and explicitly encouraged clinical to adjust treatment to clients’ needs |
|
|
Term
| What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that the therapeutic relationship and client characteristics conducive to change are being ignored by the EST initiative? |
|
Definition
| A good point – one that led to the development of a task force looking at these issues |
|
|
Term
| What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that EST research has not paid enough attention to diversity issues? |
|
Definition
| A growing number of RCTs include patients/clients from various ethnic groups, and some granting agencies will only fund studies with samples that are broadly representative of the population in the area in which the study is conducted. Nevertheless, at this point in time, psychologists must rely on their clinical skills and sensitivity to determine how best to tailor ESTs to the realities of individual patients, including attention to all forms of diversity |
|
|
Term
| What is the position of the APA criteria for accreditation when it comes to training in EST’s in graduate school and on internship? |
|
Definition
| The APA accreditation criteria require that clinical training programs and internships include training in ESTs |
|
|
Term
| Besides the United States, what other countries have shown an interest in using EST data to inform treatment decisions |
|
Definition
| Germany, Australia, New Zealand |
|
|
Term
| List and describe the six types of studies Nathan and Gorman used to review the psychotherapy literature? |
|
Definition
| Three types of clinical trials were identified. In descending order of quality, Type 1 studies are high quality RCTs, Type 2 studies are imperfect RCTs (e.g. very limited treatment duration, incomplete patient randomization), and Type 3 studies are open trails or pilot studies in which there are no control conditions. Additionally, experts could draw on the conclusions from quantitative literature reviews such as meta-analyses (Type 4), qualitative literature reviews (Type 5), and case studies or professional consensus statements not based on research evidence (Type 6)?? |
|
|
Term
| According to Hunsley and Lee, what does the evidence generally indicate about whether treatments that are efficacious for whites are also likely to efficacious for patients with other ethnic backgrounds? Can we generally trust that treatments that are shown to work with whites are likely to work with non-whites, according to Hunsley and Lee? |
|
Definition
| Although the evidence generally indicates that treatments found to be efficacious for patients with White European ancestry can be efficacious for patients with other ethnic backgrounds, there may be a need to adapt these treatments in culturally appropriate ways |
|
|
Term
| What do Hunsley and Lee conclude about the efficacy of process-experiential, interpersonal, and psychodynamic treatments? |
|
Definition
| They have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the treatment of some clinical disorders. In some instances, the results achieved in efficacy studies with these approaches are comparable to those obtained with CBT. |
|
|
Term
| What controversial treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder appears on Nathan and Gorman’s efficacious treatments list (2007, as cited in Hunsley and Lee)? |
|
Definition
| Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) |
|
|
Term
| While efficacy relates to the question of whether treatments work in controlled conditions, _____ relates to the question of whether they work in the real world of clinical practice. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic idea of emotionally focused therapy for couple distress? |
|
Definition
| Process-experiential treatment combining an experiential approach |
|
|
Term
| There are three broad components to the cognitive behavioral treatment of PTSD. What are they? |
|
Definition
Use of relaxation skills
Imaginal Exposure
In Vivo Exposure |
|
|
Term
| After working on client’s negative thoughts and doubts about therapy assignments, therapy goes into a new stage in which _____ becomes the primary focus of treatment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression described by Hunsley and Lee, what is the primary focus of initial sessions? |
|
Definition
| Initial sessions tend to focus primarily on behavioral activation tasks |
|
|
Term
| According to the UK Department of Health, which treatment should not be used, based on replicated evidence of non-significant effects and possible harm to clients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the U.K. Department of Health (2001), as cited in Hunsley and Lee, what forms of therapy are recommended for the treatment of depression? |
|
Definition
| CBT, interpersonal therapy, and psychodynamic therapy |
|
|
Term
| According to the UK Department Health, which disorder can be well treated by CBT, interpersonal therapy, and psychodynamic therapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
