Term
| What, in simple terms, influences child development? |
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Definition
| A combination of biological and environmental factors |
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Term
| What are 2 effective approaches for parents to help deal with their child's anger? |
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Definition
| Expressing sympathy and helping gchildren find positive alternative to expressing anger |
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Term
| What was the "turtle technique"? |
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Definition
| A way to help preschool age children to release their anger by thinking it out. |
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Term
| What is a big Social issue with children? |
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Definition
| How much trust toput in preschoolers' courtroom testimony. |
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Term
| What are 3 ways to obtain an accurate testimony? |
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Definition
| Wuestions should be stated in a neutral fashion, play dolls should not be used, and answers should not be asked to be repeated. |
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Term
| In the Romanian experiment, what children were least affected by the orphanage time? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the effects of the orphanage on the children right when they got to Britain? |
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Definition
| Severely malnourished, more than half in the lowest 3% of children in terms of hight, weight, and head circumfrence, varying degrees of mental retardation, and they were socially immature. |
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Term
| What were the lasting effects that the children who spent longer in the orphanage suffered from? |
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Definition
| Underweight, intellectual incompetence, social development, werent' able to differentiate between tier parents and unfamiliar adults, didn't look to parents for reassurance, and tended not to form friendships with peers. |
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Term
| What was the final conclusion of the Ramanian orphanage experiment? |
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Definition
| The time of experiences influences their effects. |
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Term
| What are 3 good reasons to learn about child development? |
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Definition
| Gain information and understanding that can help parents raise their own children sucessfully, insight into social-policy issues related to children better understand human nature in general. |
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Term
| Who recorded the earliest ideas about children's development? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were Plato and Aristotle interested in? |
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Definition
| How children's development is influenced by their nature and by te nurture they recieve. |
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Term
| What did Plato exmpasize in child raising and schooling? |
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Definition
| Boys were demanding. Self control and disipline were the most important goals of education. Children are born with innate knowledge |
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Term
| What did Aristotle emphasie in child raising and schooling? |
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Definition
| He was mor concerend with fitting child rearing to the needs of the individual child. Children needed experience to gain knowledge |
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Term
| What was Locke's goal in child rearing? |
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Definition
| Children need a growth of character so parents needed to set good examples and no indulging. After they have these characters, authority should be relaxed. |
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Term
| What was Rouseau's goal in child rearing? |
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Definition
| Believed that freedom should be given to a child from the start. They shouldn't have schooling until the age of 12. |
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Term
| What was a social reform that started bettering the lives of developing children? |
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Definition
| The first child labor laws. |
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Term
| What did Charles Darwin do to increase awareness of child development? |
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Definition
| He wrote "A Biographical Sketch of an Infant" that was an intensive study of his son's development. |
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Term
| What is Fred's psycholanalytic theory? |
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Definition
| Biological drive4s, especially sexual ones, are a crucial influence on development |
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Term
| What is John Watson's behaviorist theory? |
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Definition
| Proposed that children development is determined by environmental factors, especially the rewards an dpunishments that follow particular events and behaviors. |
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Term
| What is the most basic question in child development? |
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Definition
| How nature and nurture interact to shape the develomental process. |
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Term
| What is the most basic question in child development? |
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Definition
| How nature and nurture interact to shape the develomental process. |
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Term
| What is the nature influence? |
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Definition
| This is our biological endowment, the genes we recieve from our parents. It influences every aspect of our make-up. |
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Term
| What is the nurture factor? |
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Definition
| This is the environments, both physical and social, that infuence our development. This includes the womb, homes where we grew up, attended schools, broade communities where we live, and the people we interact with. |
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Term
| What is the answer to the nature-nurture question? |
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Definition
| Every characteristic we posess is created through the joint workings of nature and nurture, the constant interaction of our genes and our environment. |
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Term
| How do children first begin to shape their own development? |
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Definition
| By their selection of what to pay attention to. |
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Term
| How do children first begin to shape their own development? |
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Definition
| By their selection of what to pay attention to. |
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Term
| Where is the infant's attention most drawn to? |
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Definition
| Faces, especially the mother's face |
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Term
| When is their an emotional attachment to the mother's face? |
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Definition
| By the end of the second month depending on how the mother reacts. This strengthens the mother-infant bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| When children (9 to 15 months) talk when nobody is around. This may help them improve. |
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Term
| What are some ways that young children contribute to their own development? |
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Definition
| Crib speech, attaching to the mother, make believing, and playing by themselves. |
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Term
| What may keep a child from dropping out of school? |
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Definition
| Participation in at least one club/sport between the grades of 6th and 10th |
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Term
| What is continuous debvelopment? |
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Definition
| The idea that changes with age occurs gradually in small increments. |
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Term
| What is discontinuous development? |
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Definition
| The idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts. |
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Term
| What does qualitatively different mean and what developmental theory does it support? |
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Definition
| This is the difference between ages and how they differ in not how much they know but also how they think about the world. This supports discontinuous development. |
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Term
| What does children's behavior on Piaget's conservation of liquid problem support? |
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Definition
| The idea that development is discontinuous. |
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Term
| What does children's behavior on Piaget's conservation of liquid problem support? |
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Definition
| The idea that development is discontinuous. |
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Term
| What are stage theories and what development theory does it support? |
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Definition
| They propose that development occurs in a progression of distinct ageprelated stages. The entry into a new stage is a sudd3en change that affect the child's thinking or behavior in a broad way. This is discontinuous development. |
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Term
| What is cognitive development? |
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Definition
| The development of thinking and reasoning. Between birth and adolescence, children go through four stages of cognitive growth. |
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Term
| What stage is a 2-5 year old at in cognitive development? |
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Definition
| Tehy can focus only on one aspect of an event or one type of information at a time. |
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Term
| In cognitive development, what stage is a 6-7 year old at? |
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Definition
| The can simultaneiously focus on and coordinate two or mor aspects of an event and can do so on many different tasks. |
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Term
| In the continuous-discontinuous argument, what is the conclusion? |
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Definition
| Changes are gradual rather than sudden and that development occur skill by skill rather than in a broadly unified way. Less dramatic than that of stage theories, but a great deal of evidence supports it. |
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Term
| What is effortless attention? |
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Definition
| An aspect of temperament involving voluntary control of on'es emotions and thoughts. Includes process such as inhibiting impulsues, controlling emotions, and focussion attention. |
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Term
| What is the Anterior cingulate? |
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Definition
| Brain structure involved in setting adn attending goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the brain that pays a large role in emotional reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the brain that pays a large role in emotional reactions. |
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Term
| What does the connection of the anterior cingulate and the limbic area do? |
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Definition
| It is needed to perform tasks that require control of thoughts and emotions s |
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Term
| When do the connections in the brain develop? |
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Definition
| During childhood which is why children are majorly affected. |
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Term
| What are neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| Chemicals involved in communications among brain cells |
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Term
| How do genes influence neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| This ends up being the quality of performance on tasks that require effortless attention. |
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Term
| How does the environment play in the expression of genes? |
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Definition
| Experiences can cange the wiring of the brain just as brain processes can influence children's reactions to experiences. |
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Term
| What is the sociocultural context? |
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Definition
| The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up any child's environment. It influences every aspect of children's development. |
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Term
| How do developmentalists understand the influence of sociocultural context? |
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Definition
| Compare the lives of children who grow up in different cultures. |
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Term
| How do developmentalists understand the influence of sociocultural context? |
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Definition
| Compare the lives of children who grow up in different cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical, social, cultural, conomic, and historical circumstances that make up any child's environment. It influences every aspect of children's development. |
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Term
| What are four important parts of a child's sociocultural context? |
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Definition
| People with whom they interact; the physical environments in which they live; the institutions that influence the child's life; and generay characteristics of the child's society. |
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Term
| What is a method that develomentalists use to understand the influence of the sociocultural context? |
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Definition
| To compare the lives of children who grow up in different cultures. |
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Term
| What is a major difference in sleeping arrangements of the U.S. from different countries? |
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Definition
| In othe countries the babies often sleep with their mothers and sometimes all through childhood. The father may even move away. |
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Term
| What is a major difference in sleeping arrangements of the U.S. from different countries? |
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Definition
| In othe countries the babies often sleep with their mothers and sometimes all through childhood. The father may even move away. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of having a child slep with their mothers? |
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Definition
| Fall asleep the same time as parents, no comfort items needed, no bedtime ritual, strengthened bond of the mother-child relationship, and prizing interdependence among people. |
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Term
| Why do people of the U.S. seperate child and mother during sleep? |
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Definition
| U.S. culture prizes independence and self reliance as well as continual intimacy between husband and wife. |
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Term
| What does studying other cultures and comparing often reveal? |
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Definition
| Practices that are rare or non existant in other cultures that have important advantages for the culture that uses those practices. |
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Term
| In multi-cultural societies, what are the contextual differences related to? |
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Definition
| Ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Term
| In multi-cultural societies, what are the contextual differences related to? |
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Definition
| Ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of social class based on income and education. Influences children's lives. (SES) |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of social class based on income and education. Influences children's lives. (SES) |
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Term
| How do children from poor families do less well than other children? |
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Definition
| Health problems, social/emotional or behvioral problems, smaller vocabularies, lower IQs, lower math and reading skills, more likely to have a baby, or drop out of school. |
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Term
| What is the greatest obstacle to poor children's development? |
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Definition
| Not one single disadvantage, instead it's the accumulation of problems. |
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Term
| What characteristics do relient children in poverty usual carry? |
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Definition
| Positive personal qualities, close relationship wih atleast one parent, and a close relationship with another adult that's not a parent. |
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Term
| What characteristics do relient children in poverty usual carry? |
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Definition
| Positive personal qualities, close relationship wih atleast one parent, and a close relationship with another adult that's not a parent. |
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Term
| What are four factors that can lead children to turn out different from each other in one family? |
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Definition
| Gentic differences; differences in treatment by parents and others; differences in reactions to similar experiences, and different choices of environment. |
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Term
| How do parents treat children different from each other? |
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Definition
| Parents tend to provide more care to easy going infants than a difficult one. |
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Term
| How can teachers react to children's individual characteristics and treat them differently? |
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Definition
| hey tend t provide positive attention to children who are learning well and behaving unlike children who aren't. |
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Term
| How can teachers react to children's individual characteristics and treat them differently? |
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Definition
| hey tend t provide positive attention to children who are learning well and behaving unlike children who aren't. |
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Term
| What is the active child? |
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Definition
| Children choose activitis and friends for themselves as they grow older influencing their own development. |
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Term
| What can be done about developmental problems now? |
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Definition
| Thanks to child-developmentalists they can identify problems earlier and correct them. |
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Term
| What increases child education that cild develomentalists have realized? |
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Definition
| If it's believed that intelligence is a changeable factor by putting effort into learning. |
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Term
| What was the Blackwell, ,Trzeniewski, and Pweck's experiment in education and intelligence? |
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Definition
| They showed children about hwo learning will make you smarter and another grow was shown memory. The first group actually was able to increase their test scores. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of agreement in the observations of differet raters who witness the same behavior. They can be qualitive (secure or insecure) or quanitive (1-10) |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree of similarity of a child's performance on two or more occassions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure: internal and external. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which efects observed within experiments can be attributed to the variables that the researcher intentionally manipulated. Invalidity can void out an experiment bacause that could be the reason instead of the manipulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which results cam be genralized beyond the particulars of the research. The first experiment can't always apply to everybody. Re experiments need to take place. |
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Term
| How do researchers obtain data about children? |
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Definition
| Interviews, naturalistic observation, and structured observation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same questions. |
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Term
| Why is the stuctured interview helpful? |
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Definition
| Helpful when the goal is to collect self reports on the same topic, provides a straight forward way to learn what is typical at different ages and how beliefs and feelings are related. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in whichquestions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee proveds. Begins with a set number of questions, but they leave the script to follow the child's lead. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of interviews? |
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Definition
| Yield a great deal of data quickly and can provide indepth information about individual children |
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Term
| What are the disadvantanges of interviews? |
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Definition
| Answers are biased, ofter report past events inadequately, avoide facts that put them in bad light, distort the way that events happen, and fail to udnerstand their motivations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by researcher. |
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Term
| What is Gerard Patterson's comparitive study of fmily dynamics in troubled and "typical" families? |
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Definition
| He observed dinnertime interactions in both homes. Realized children in troubled families responded to parental punishment agressively. |
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Term
| What are limitations of naturalistic observation? |
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Definition
| Naturally occuring contexts vary and it's hard to know which ones influenced the behavior and many important behaviors only occur occasionally. |
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Term
| What are limitations of naturalistic observation? |
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Definition
| Naturally occuring contexts vary and it's hard to know which ones influenced the behavior and many important behaviors only occur occasionally. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method that involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the child's behavior. Purposefully creating a situation that will elicit a behavior. |
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Term
| What is the advantage of structure observation over naturalistic? |
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Definition
| It ensures all the children encounter identical situations. |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of structured observation? |
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Definition
| Doesn't provide as extensive informationa bout individual children's experiences, and can't provide open-ended everyday experiences like naturalistic can. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attributes that vary across individuals and situations, such as age, gender, and expectations. |
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Term
| What do child-developmentalists try to determine about variables? |
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Definition
| They're goal is to determine how these and other variables are related to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies intended to indicate how variables are related to each other. |
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Term
| What is the main goal of using correlation designs? |
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Definition
| To determine whether children who differ in one variable also differ in predictable ways in others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The association between two variables. |
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Term
| What do variables that are strongly correlate mean? |
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Definition
| Knowing a child's score on either one allows accurate prediction ofthe child's score on the other. |
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Term
| When is the correlation direction negative? |
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Definition
| When high values of one are associated with high values of the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A satistic that indicates the direction and strength of a correlation (1 to -1) |
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Term
| What justifies that one variable doesn't cause another? |
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Definition
| Direction of causation problem and the third variable problem. |
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Term
| Direction-of-causatio problem |
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Definition
| Concept that a correlation between two variables does not indicate which variable is the cause of the other. They can run either way. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable. |
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Term
| Why are correlation designs used? |
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Definition
| The influence of variables of great interest cannot be studied experimentally because researchers cannot manipulate them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn. |
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Term
| What are two techniques crucial to experimental designs? |
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Definition
| Random assignments of participants and experimental control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each child has an equal chance of being assigned to each group. |
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Term
| What is an advantage of random assignment? |
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Definition
| The children of the group are diverse so the varying experience caused the difference from other groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of researchers to determine the specific experiences that children have. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability of researchers to determine the specific experiences that children have. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of researchers to determine the specific experiences that children have. |
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Term
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Definition
| The group that is presented with the experience of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| Group that isn't presented with the experience of interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| The experience of interest the children receive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The behavior that is affected by the exposure to the independent variable |
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Term
| What are disadvantages of experimental designs? |
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Definition
| Cannot be applied to all issues of interest and leads to artificial experimental situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research method in which children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of cross-sectional designs? |
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Definition
| Yields data about different ages, and quick and easy to administer. |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of cross sectional designs? |
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Definition
| Uninformative about stability of individual differences over time, uninformative about similarites and differences in individual children's patterns of change. |
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Term
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Definition
| A menthod of study in which the same child is studied more than twice over a substantial period of time. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of longitudinal design? |
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Definition
| Indicates the degree of stability of individual differences over long periods and it reveals individual children's patterns of change over time. |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of longitudal designs/ |
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Definition
| Trying to locate the children again, question of external validity, possible effects of repeat testing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The same children are studied repeatedly over a short period of time (changes are occuring) |
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Term
| What was Siegler and Jenkins microgenetic study on learning? The conclusion? |
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Definition
| They studied how children learne the coundting on stragety. Generalization of new strategies are gradual. |
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Term
| What ae the advantages of microgentic designs? |
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Definition
| Observations of change as they're occuring and reveals individual change over short period. |
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Term
| What are disadvantages of microgenetic designs? |
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Definition
| Do not yield info about stability and change over long periods along with individual change. |
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Term
| What is the Society for Research on Child Development? |
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Definition
| Devoted to research on children. Created a code of conduct. |
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Term
| What happens when a researcher proposes an experiment? |
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Definition
| The board evaluates and makes sure it follows conduct. |
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