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| Methods of acquiring knowledge |
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| ways in which a person can know things or discover answers to questions |
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| info is accepted as true because it has always been believed or because superstition supports it |
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| info is accepted on the basis of a hunch or “gut feeling” |
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| when a person relies on info or answers from an expert in the subject area |
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-a variant of the method of authority in which people have unquestioning trust in the authority figure
-accept the info form the authority without doubt or challenge |
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1. Often there is not a one-to-one relationship between the variable and the measurements
2. Usually several different options for measuring variables |
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-hypothetical attributes or mechanisms that help explain and predict behavior in a study
--external factors can influence constructs and then in turn the constructs will effect behavior
Ex.: rewards (external factors) can influence motivation (construct) and motivation can then affect performance (behavior)
--cannot be directly observed or measured, but can be observed and measured by the behaviors associated with it |
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-a procedure for defining or measuring a construct by specifying a set of operations for measuring external, observable behavior
--Best method of determining how a variable should be measured is to consult previous research involving the same variable |
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| the set of categories used for classifying individuals |
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-qualitative differences in the variable measured
--allows us to determine whether or not two individuals are different
--does not permit any quantitative comparison |
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-have different names and are organized sequentially consisting of a series of ranks which shows a directional relationship between categories
--can determine whether two individuals are different and the direction of the difference
--does not allow us to determine the magnitude of the difference between two individuals |
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-organized sequentially where all categories are the same size or have equal intervals
--has an arbitrary zero point, where the particular location on the scale is simply a matter of reference and does not indicate absence of the variable |
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-equal, ordered categories with the series of categories anchored by a non-arbitrary zero point
--can measure the absolute amount of the variable because zero means the complete absence of the variable |
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| -used when looking for an extreme difference that is located on only one side of the distribution in a directional hypothesis |
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| -used when looking for an extreme difference that could be located at either end of the distribution in a non-directional hypothesis |
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| the ability of a test to reject a false null hypothesis |
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| the change in measurement that is attributable to a treatment condition or stimulus of some sort |
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| a large difference would probably result in our rejecting the null |
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| We don’t want a situation in which an effect is present, but we failed to detect it. In order to limit this, we can: |
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-Increase sample size
-One-tailed test scenario |
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a statement of no difference, a statement of chance, or a statement of no relationship
Hsub0: mu = 0 |
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| anything that can vary and take on a different quality or quantity |
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| info about different variables |
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| collection or bundle of info |
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| individual pieces of info |
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| a listing of values or responses associated with a particular variable in a data set |
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-all possible cases that meet certain criteria
--population can change constantly |
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| a portion of the population |
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used to summarize or describe data from samples and populations
You can:
--create a data distribution
--mean (average)
--range
--mode |
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| used to make statements or inferences about a population based on info from a sample |
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| a characteristic about a sample |
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| a characteristic of a population |
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| used to get an idea about the center or the typicality of a distribution |
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-calculated by adding all the scores in a distribution and dividing the sum by the number of scores
--Mu - population mean
--Xbar - sample mean
-is sensitive to extreme values in the sense that an extreemely high or extremely low value in a distribution will pull the value of the mean toward the extreme value |
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-the score that cuts a distribution in half
Median = (N+1)/2
--The formula locates the position of the median in a distribution, provided the scores are arranged in ascending or descending order. |
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-the score, value, or response that appears most frequently in a distribution
-In some situations, the mode is the only measure of central tendency that's available.
--i.e., nominal level variable (containing only qualitative info like Democrats, Republicans or Independents) |
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| a distribution with a single mode |
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| a distribution with 2 modes |
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| Dispersion or Variability |
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| an expression of the extent to which the scores are spread out in a distribution |
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-a measure of variability that deals with the problems of the mean deviation by squaring the deviations before summing them
-find the standard deviation by taking the square root of the variance |
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-the square root of the variance
-it gives us an idea as to how far, in general, individual scores deviate from the mean
s = standard deviation of a sample
lowercase sigma = standard deviation of a population |
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| the reduction in the denominator results in a larger standard deviation which better reflects the true standard deviation of the population |
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