Term
The Autonomic Nervous System
___________ Branch
Helps with restorative processes, reducing heart rate and blood pressure and increasing digestive processes
_________ Branch
Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output and shuts down digestive processes, to help the individual to engage in physically demanding actions |
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Definition
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic |
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Term
Parasympathetic System
Incorporates nerves that originate in 2 different parts of the spinal cord: the ____ nerve(top of the spinal cord), and in the _____ region (bottom of the spinal cord)
Decreases heart rate and blood pressure
Dilates certain arteries to facilitate blood flow
Increases digestive processes by moving digested food through the _____ tract
Constricts pupils and bronchioles
Stimulates the secretion of various fluids throughout the body, including those in the digestive glands, salivation, and tears |
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Definition
vagus
sacral
gastrointestinal |
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Term
Involves over a dozen different neural pathways originating at several sites on the spinal cord
->Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output
Vasoconstriction in most veins and arteries
Shuts down digestive processes |
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Definition
| Sympathetic Nervous system |
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Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Increases many processes that provide _____ for the body
Reduces activity of natural killer cells, which are involved in ____ responses
Helps prepare the body for the fight or flight responses |
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Definition
|
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Term
Walter Cannon’s Critique
Argued against ____ Theory
Bodily changes are produced by the brain, and that they are similar during different emotions such as ____ and _____
This “____ _____” includes release of the hormone adrenaline
Shift of bodily resources to prepare for ______
Fight, flight, and sexual behavior |
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Definition
James'
anger and fear
arousal response
action |
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Term
Walter Cannon’s Critique
The responses of the autonomic nervous system are…
Too ____ and non-specific to account for the distinct varieties of emotional experience
Too __________to account for the rapidity with which we experience emotion, or move from one emotion to another (feel embarrassment faster than we blush ->10-12 sec?)
The main actions of this system actually occur in a _____________________, such as fevers, cold exposure, or asphyxia
Sensitivity to such changes are not ________________ |
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Definition
diffuse
slow
variety of other states
refined enough |
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Term
A Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Remember Schachter & Singer (1962) experiment? (epinephrine study)
What are the two factors??
1. _______________
2. _______________
(Results never been replicated) |
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Definition
|
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Term
Two lasting influences of Schacter & Singer experiment…
1.) Interest in _____
2.) When physiological arousal does not have an obvious source, we tend to label and experience this arousal according to what is happening in the current _____
____ of arousal
Ex. After arousing physical exercise, people have greater emotional responses to stimuli presented a few moments later when they think their arousal has subsided |
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Definition
appraisal
situation
Misattribution |
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Term
| Who would say: "Any voluntary arousal of the so-called manifestations of a special emotion ought to give us the emotion itself." -> when specific bodily systems of emotion are engaged, we will experience specific patterns of emotion |
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Definition
|
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Term
Is there emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity?? (this is based on William James' theory that a bodily change will create an emotion)
Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen (1983)
Employed the _______ _______ _____ ______
Heart rate increases occurred for fear, anger, and sadness, but almost none for ______
Galvanic skin response was much greater for ________ and ________ than for anger and sadness
Finger temperature was greater for _________ than _________
In anger, blood flows freely to hands (to aid in combat?), whereas with fear, blood remains near the chest (support flight-related behavior?)
Therefore, 4 negative emotions differ on certain measures of autonomic activity, suggesting that a one-arousal-fits-all model of autonomic activity is ____________
This evidence ____ James' Theory |
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Definition
Directed Facial Action task
disgust
fear and disgust
greater for anger than fear
inadequate
supports |
|
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Term
The Blush
Spontaneous _______________ of the face, ears, neck, and upper chest produced by increases in blood volume in the subcutaneous capillaries in those regions |
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Definition
|
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Term
According to Mark Leary and colleagues, we blush when we are the objects and recipients of undesirable social _______
How is the blush related to ________________?
Blush commonly reported during ____________________
21% of Spanish participants
92% of American students
May be fairly specific to embarrassment
In one study, people reported to rarely blush during shame or guilt |
|
Definition
attention
emotion
embarrassment |
|
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Term
Dimberg & Öhman (1996)
Ss presented photos of a smiling or angry face for very brief periods of time, then the photos were “__________”
Ss not aware of having seen happy or angry face, but faces ____________________
Prompted Ss to smile or furrow their brow, and lowered or elevated physiological arousal
Taken together with the previous study, there is a primary appraisal process that is ________________________in the sense that it gives rise to an immediate feeling of good or bad |
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Definition
masked
influenced emotions
automatic, fast, and primitive |
|
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Term
What about positive emotions?
Autonomic specificity is less developed…
___________is associated with exhalation, and shifts in respiration and heart rate
________tends to reduce stress-related heart rate acceleration, allowing the individual to return to a calmer state (benefits the individual)
Evidence _____ James' theory! |
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Definition
|
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Term
Positive emotions (cont.)
Vagal influences upon the parasympathetic nervous system may be associated with social ________ and _______ emotions like love and compassion
Oveis, Sherman, & Haidt (2004)
Video induction study where participants were shown either a person helping a homeless man or an amusing film
Both produced increased physiological activity, but only participants who witnessed __________ displayed increased vagal tone
->This is an example of _____ activity involved with altruistic emotions
-->Evidence ______ James' theory! |
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Definition
social engagement and altruistic emotions
witnessed compassion
autonomic
supports |
|
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Term
Evaluating James’s specificity hypothesis
What would emotional experience be like if all bodily response and sensation was removed from that experience?
Hohmann (1966) interviewed 25 adult men who had suffered spinal injuries
Lost all sensation, including bodily sensation, below the injury
Asked men about sexual feelings, fear, anger, grief, sentimentality, and overall emotionality
Decreases in ______________________________
Most reported increases in sentimentality (e.g., feeling tearful and choked up on occasions such as partings) |
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Definition
| sexual feelings, fear, and anger |
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Term
Confounds? What is the effect of disablement itself on people’s reactions to emotion-induced events? Getting older?
Intense mental emotions, while saying that the ____________________________________________
How people experience emotions may depend on how they interpret them, on the extent to which they believe emotion to be __________________________ |
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Definition
bodily aspect had decreased
affected by body sensations |
|
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Term
Action and Emotion
One primary function autonomic responses serve is to support different kinds of ___________
Fight, flight, defensive behavior, sexual response, soothing
___________________is the core of an emotion
Wallbott & Scherer (1986)
Students from 27 nations provided self-reports on emotional incidents
Found ____________________________
Small differences between responses as a function of the different countries of the respondents
“moving toward” = joy, “moving away” = all negative emotions |
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Definition
action
action readiness
actions specific to emotions |
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Term
Societies also provide culturally specific rituals for communal action on important ______________________________
Ex. Funerals allow a bereaved person to express grief, withdraw from usual actions, receive support and recognition from relatives and friends
These appear to be ________________ to others as well |
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Definition
emotional occasions
recognizable |
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Term
Sogon & Masutani (1989)
Filmed 4 Japanese actors (2 males, 2 females) from behind so viewers of film couldn’t see faces
Filmed actions depicting a range of _____ (e.g., joy, fear, anger, surprise) and 3 “affective-cognitive structures” (affection, anticipation, acceptance)
American and Japanese Ss watched films and chose from a list of words the one that best corresponded to each scene
Recognition – 52% for Americans and 57 % for Japanese
Some patterns (e.g., fear, sadness, disgust) were well recognized by both groups
Some patterns may be ________________
Ex. Slumping shoulders
So….
Emotions mark the junctures in our actions
They allow us to focus on any problem that has arisen, and to change course if necessary, by making ready a ________________________
Evidence supports ____ ____! |
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Definition
emotions
universal
new course of action
action theory |
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Term
Ss held a pen in the mouth – thus making the muscle movements characteristic of a smile without the Ss realizing it
Judged cartoons as __________than Ss not contracting these muscles
Ss drew their eyebrows together mimicking a ___________
Judgments of pictures indicated greater __________, though Ss did not know their eyebrow pose implied sadness |
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Definition
|
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Term
Remember Phineas Gage?
Many patients with this kind of brain damage (_____ prefrontal cortex) have their emotions “blunted” like Gage
Show inappropriate manners and a lack of concern for the well-being of others
Suffer from “pseudo-psychopathy” or “acquired sociopathy”? |
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Definition
|
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Term
Damasio’s Somatic Marker Hypothesis
When we make decisions, rather than examining every option, some possibilities are emotionally ____ _________and some are emotionally ____________
The guidance system is the body itself: emotional events are experienced as bodily reactions, a.k.a. ________ _________
When we damage the ventromedial frontal cortex, we no longer have access to these _____________ _________________ |
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Definition
blocked off
attractive
somatic markers
somatic markers |
|
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Term
Evidence of somatic marker hypothesis
Patients with such damage show little ______ skin response to emotionally evocative slides
They _____show elevated galvanic skin response to other kinds of stimuli such as loud noise
Without the wisdom of emotion-related bodily responses, patients with ventromedial frontal damage make __________________, and more generally, have many difficulties in being effective members of society
Gambling experiment
-> people with ventromedial frontal cortex damage couldn't stay away from ___ risk gambles (no _____ system response like the control group) |
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Definition
galvanic
do
self-destructive decisions
high; sympathetic |
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Term
Limitations of PET and fMRI:
1.
2. |
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Definition
1. Correlation ≠ Causation
2. Both have poor temporal resolution (means poor time resolution) |
|
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Term
Levels of Neural Architecture
Neurons
________________ (combination of neurons -> handful of)
________________ (highly dense area of cells)
Cortical regions
Systems
Systems of Systems |
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Definition
Local circuits
subcortical nuclei |
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Term
______: controls basic physiological processes
Pons : controls human sleep
Medulla : regulates cardiovascular activity
Cerebellum : involved in controlling motor movement |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Forebrain
Thalamus : involved in integrating sensory information
Hippocampus : critical for _____________memory processes
_________________: regulates important biological functions like eating, sexual behavior, aggression, and bodily temperature |
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Definition
|
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Term
_________________
Cingulate gyrus
Hypothalamus
Anterior thalamus
Hippocampus
Now added 3 structures below & named "___________________"
Amygdala
Orbitofrontal cortex
Parts of basal ganglia |
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Definition
Papez Circuit
"Limbic System" |
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Term
Importance of Limbic System for Emotions Damasio et al., (2000) Asked Ss to recall and re-experience incidents of sadness, happiness, anger, and fear Using PET, found that brain regions in which activation increased when people relived specific emotions were almost all ___-____ especially in the _____ system
By contrast, neural activity decreased in the ___________when emotions were experienced |
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Definition
sub-cortical
limbic
cortex |
|
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Term
Prefrontal Cortex in Emotion
In humans, __% of whole brain is taken up by cortex
Prefrontal cortex, in particular the orbitofrontal cortex, is centrally involved in the representation of goals, rewards, and approach- and withdrawal-related tendencies |
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Definition
|
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Term
________ Cortex
Part of the prefrontal cortex that forms the base of the frontal lobe and leans on the upper wall of the orbit above the eyes |
|
Definition
|
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Term
________ prefrontal cortex
Region damaged in Phineas Gage
Lateral-_____ prefrontal cortex |
|
Definition
|
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Term
OBF Cortex in Social Decision Making
Patients with damage to this region who:
Responses seem overly dependent on ______ information, ignoring social cues
At times, have difficulty inhibiting inappropriate ______ responses, such as aggressive impulses
Often show a change in personality, irresponsibility, and lack of concern for the present or future |
|
Definition
|
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Term
OBF Cortex in Emotional Decision Making
Everyday actions have personal and social consequences
Reasoning is guided by the emotional _______ of an action’s consequences
Decisions on how to act require an analysis of the costs and benefits of the options
Rely on somatic markers of past experiences (i.e., Damasio’s ______________________ Hypothesis) |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Prefrontal cortex is important to _______ ________________ of emotion
Orbitofrontal patients have problems regulating their emotional behavior
Imaging studies show regions of the prefrontal cortex are activated when people try to inhibit emotional responses to ___________ ________ |
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Definition
the regulation
evocative stimuli |
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Term
Lateralization Effects and Emotions
Right side
More closely associated with the processing of emotional events
More dense connections to ___________________
Develops earlier during infancy
Generally attuned for emotional processing, especially in activities that involve relations with others
Left side
Specialized for processing which is verbal, symbolic, and analytical |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Some mechanisms concerned with the experience and expression of positive emotions are situated on the _________side, and those for negative emotions are on the ________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
Is prefrontal cortex whole picture?
Can impaired reasoning/decision making and impaired emotion/feeling result from damage elsewhere in the brain?
__________!
Structures of the “limbic system” such as the __________________
Sector of the right (but not left) cerebral hemisphere that contains several cortices in charge of processing signals from the body |
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Definition
|
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Term
Amygdala
Small, almond-shaped structure in the ________________________adjacent to the anterior portion of the hippocampus |
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Definition
|
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Term
Emotional Learning and Memory
________________________ learning
Fear Conditioning
->train example: unconscious, classical conditioning (stimulus can acquire aversive properties in 1 trial)
->works the same across all species
-> boxes -> implicit form of learning with shocks; no hippocampus bc explicit memory
-> Rottweiler example |
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Definition
| Implicit emotional learning |
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Term
Explicit Emotional Learning and Memory
Interacts with _____________________ system in two primary ways:
1.) necessary for normal indirect emotional responses to stimuli whose emotional properties are learned __________
2.) can act to enhance the ___________of explicit or declarative memories for emotional events by modulating the storage of these memories |
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Definition
hippocampal memory
explicitly
strength |
|
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Term
Social Responses
Human amygdala is not important for most forms of explicit evaluation
One exception:
Important for normal responses to _________________________
People with amygdala damage are impaired at evaluating facial expressions
In particular, __________facial expressions |
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Definition
facial expressions
fearful |
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Term
Vigilance
Humans have a greater sensitivity to perceiving or processing emotional compared to nonemotional information in the environment
Amygdala increases the vigilance or readiness of ______ response systems when emotional stimuli are present |
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Definition
|
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Term
Amygdala
Central _______________________for the brain
Receives input from regions of the cortex concerned with visual recognition of objects and recognition of sounds
Close connections with _______________
Rewarding self-stimulation, and components of emotional behavior and autonomic responses can be elicited by electrical stimulation in this region |
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Definition
emotional computer
hypothalamus |
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Term
Pavlovian conditioning
What is learned is an emotion about what signals the important event: __________________for something pleasant (happy anticipation), or for something unpleasant (fear or anxiety)
Amygdala is responsible for assigning __________significance to events that signal angers and threats, and possibly to emotionally significant events of other kinds |
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Definition
|
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Term
Increased amygdala activity…
In response to emotionally evocative ______
Chronically increased activity is associated with depression
Predicts whether people will __________ emotionally evocative stimuli
Involved in appraisal, not necessary for experience of emotions |
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Definition
|
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Term
Right Somatosensory Cortex
People with damage to this area…
Agnosognosics
Left-side paralysis of which they are unaware
Defect in _______________ _______________________
Defect in ____________________
-> similar to OBF patients but this is a more obvious deficit |
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Definition
reasoning and decision making
emotion and feeling |
|
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Term
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Systems concerned with emotion/feeling, attention, and working memory interact extensively
Region is source of energy for both:
_____________action (movement)
_______________action (thought animation, reasoning)
-> stroke happened to woman and was left emotionless and speechless; limbs laying lifeless; had lack of drive and came out of it; had nothing no say - no animation
-> electrical stimulation to this are -> feel like need to persevere |
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Definition
|
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Term
Insular Cortex
Involved in representing the body and subjective emotional experience
Associated with conscious feelings and with _____________________more generally
Underlies ____________________ – needed for the experience of emotions such as empathy |
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Definition
consciousness
self-awareness |
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Term
Goal-oriented thinking process we call reasoning
Response selection we call ____________ ________________________with a special emphasis on the personal and social domain
Involved in emotion and feeling
Partly dedicated to _____________________ |
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Definition
decision-making
processing body signals |
|
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Term
Sensory impulses from the body reach the ______ and split into 3 main pathways:
“Striatal region”
Neocortex
Limbic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MacLean’s Diagram
_____________ formation
Basal ganglia, mid-brain, brainstem, and cerebellum
Genetically encoded instinctual action plans related to ______________ ____________issues such as exploration, feeding, aggression, dominance, and sexuality |
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Definition
Protoreptilian
Primitive survival |
|
|
Term
____________________ formation
Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and other “limbic system” structures Innate ______________ and ______________ systems -- responses shaped by past experience; mediates social emotions, playfulness, and maternal nurturance |
|
Definition
Paleommalian
emotional and motivational |
|
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Term
_______
Controls the automatic nervous system
Controls (via the pituitary gland) the body’s hormonal system
_______
Underlies fear and other processes previously mentioned
______
Tendency to approach; pleasurable |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Septum |
|
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Term
Each distinct emotion type is based on a particular system of ______ brain circuitry
Shared with other animals
Each is associated with an urge to engage in a particular kind of _____ – to be encouraged in what we were doing, to escape, to fight, and so on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neomammalian formation (______)
______ knowledge about the world derived especially from sight, sound, and touch |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Neurochemicals & Emotion
Nerve fibers work by ________________
Messages are sent _______________from neuron to neuron |
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Definition
|
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Term
Neurotransmitters
Released into _____________ by nerve impulses from the end of a neuron’s axon
Diffuse rapidly across this tiny gap between cells to activate or inhibit the receiving neuron or muscle fiber
Ex. Dopamine, seratonin, acetyl choline, etc. |
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Definition
|
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Term
Hormones
Carried in the blood to affect organs sensitive to them
Take ________to act than transmitters
Their effects endure for long period of time
Principal gland that controls most hormonal systems is the ______________________________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
Change the effectiveness of transmitter substances
Released by some neurons and diffuse some distance to affect many thousands of nearby neurons
Endogenous opiates modulate the pain system
Other peptides have important emotional effects |
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Definition
|
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Term
Why are chemical effects in the brain important for understanding emotions?
Separate emotional systems employ specific chemical messengers, so systems differ not only anatomically, but also chemically
Chemicals introduced into the body by mouth or injection diffuse via the bloodstream throughout the ___________________ (including cerebro-spinal fluid)
Each drug affects some systems more than others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ levels of serotonin are related to clinical states of depression
Drugs that increase its concentration in synapses -- selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors like Prozac – became a new class of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nucleus Accumbens:
Lies at the front of sub-cortical forebrain
Rich in ____________________ ________________ neurotransmitter pathways
Long been thought of as central to the experience of ______________ |
|
Definition
dopamine & opioid
positive effect |
|
|
Term
“____________”
The motivated, goal-oriented, approach to rewards
Includes exploration, sexual behavior, aggression
Involves dopamine release and activation of the nucleas accumbens
Lesions to the nucleus accumbens reduce the motivation to work for reward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
“liking”
Involves consummatory processes and the enjoyment of rewards
___________are central released by nursing, sexual activity, maternal social interaction, and touch
Opiates produce a state of ______________________________ |
|
Definition
opiates
pleasant calmness & quiescence |
|
|
Term
Theory of ____ ____
Important to mammalian sociality and a source of several emotions
Distal affiliative cues (e.g., smile) trigger dopamine, which promotes actions that bring individuals into close proximity with one another
Once in proximity, affiliative behaviors (e.g., touch) release opiates, which bring about powerful feelings of warmth and intimacy |
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Definition
| Theory of Attachment Process |
|
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Term
Mammalian hormone produced in hypothalamus, then released into both the brain and blood stream
Involved in lactation, maternal bonding, and sexual interaction
Promotes bonding behavior…possibly by reducing anxiety and making social contact and affiliation pleasant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Oxytocin – the “love hormone”?
Promotes love and trust toward world in general?
Toward a person’s __-____
From an evolutionary standpoint, no one who placed ____ trust in others could have survived |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Studies have shown that doses of oxytocin made people more likely to favor the ___-_____ at the expense of an __-___
De Dreu extended studies into ethnic attitudes
Effects seem to be achieved through inducing feelings of loyalty to _-___ rather than inducing hatred of the ___-___ |
|
Definition
in-group
out-group
in-group
out-group |
|
|
Term
Effects of ____ are not necessarily dominant
The brain weighs emotional attitudes like those prompted by oxytocin against information available to ____ mind |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hemispheric Specialization
________hemisphere responds more readily to the emotional content of stimuli
______________________
“Primary appraisal”
________hemisphere is more ready to interpret experience in terms of language
____________; thought-like; gives rise to specific emotions
“Secondary appraisal” |
|
Definition
right
unconscious; automatic
left
conscious |
|
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Term
What are the appraisal processes that give rise to fast, immediate reactions?
One system provides an immediate, unconscious evaluation of whether the stimulus is _________________
“Primary appraisals”
Automatic emotional reactions to events and objects in the environment, which motivate rapid approach or avoidance responses
Probably involves the _______________
Secondary systems (Secondary appraisals)
Provide more deliberate, conscious, complex assessments in terms of such matters as what caused the event and what to do about it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Blush: Fear vs. Embarrassment
Cheek blood flow, cheek skin temperature, and finger skin conductance increased more while participant and others watched themselves singing than while they watched the frightening film clip
This evidence _____ James' theory! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Murphy & Zajonc (1993)
Ss shown photos of people smiling or displaying facial anger
“Suboptimal” subliminal condition
Photos viewed for 4 ms
Ss had ________ whether they had seen a happy or angry face
“Optimal” condition
Photos viewed for 1 s
Ss ____________ of which faces they had viewed
After viewing faces, all Ss viewed Chinese ideographs and rated how much they liked them
For the suboptimally presented faces, smiling faces led participants to express __________________ for the Chinese ideographs that followed them
No such priming effects emerged with the optimally presented faces
When we are consciously aware of emotionally charged stimuli, we are less likely to sway our judgments of other stimuli |
|
Definition
no idea
clearly aware
greater liking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measure blood flow - not neuronal activity with a subtraction method
fMRI: Bolld effect - ration of oxygenated to non-oxygenated portions of the brain |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a) The parasympathetic nervous system increases digestion and is involved with restorative processes
b) Sympathetic nerves emerge from various locations along the spinal cord, whereas parasympathetic nerves emerge from the vagus nerve only
c) The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration to enable energetically demanding behaviors such as fight or flight
d) The sympathetic nervous system decreases the immune response |
|
Definition
| b) Sympathetic nerves emerge from various locations along the spinal cord, whereas parasympathetic nerves emerge from the vagus nerve only |
|
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Term
After being stung by a bee, you now feel fear immediately every time you see a bee. This type of emotional learning depends predominantly on which brain structure/s?
a) hypothalamus
b) all limbic system structures are required
c) orbitofrontal cortex
d) amygdala
e) both amygdala and hippocampus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is most consistent with Damasio’s Somatic Marker Hypothesis?
a) Patients with orbitofrontal cortex damage make bad decisions because they no longer receive emotion-based biasing signals from the body
b) Patients with orbitofrontal cortex damage make bad decisions because they do not understand right from wrong
c) Patients with orbitofrontal cortex damage often lack impulse control
d) Patients with orbitofrontal cortex damage make bad decisions because they lack social awareness
e) Patients with orbitofrontal cortex damage no longer have autonomic nervous system activity |
|
Definition
| a) Patients with orbitofrontal cortex damage make bad decisions because they no longer receive emotion-based biasing signals from the body |
|
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Term
A man walks into a new room and sees a hammer, picture frame, and nail. Without being asked, he begins hanging up the picture frame with the hammer and nail. This man most likely has damage to which brain area?
a) hypothalamus
b) orbitofrontal cortex
c) amygdala
d) hippocampus
e) anterior cingulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to MacLean, the limbic system is located in the:
a) paleomammalian formation
b) neomammalian formation
c) throughout the brain
d) protoreptilian formation |
|
Definition
| a) paleomammalian formation |
|
|
Term
Let’s say a new study found that only embarrassment was associated with increased cheek temperature, increased heart rate, increased respiration, and decreased blood pressure in all research subjects. This is consistent with which of the following individuals’ theories?
a) Walter Hess
b) Walter Cannon
c) Walter Cannon, Schachter, and Singer
d) William James
e) Antonio Damasio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not found in the forebrain?
a) Thalamus
b) Hypothalamus
c) Medulla
d) Hippocampus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
“The distinction between anger and fear is a cognitive difference.” Which of the following individuals would most likely agree with this statement?
a) Paul Ekman
b) Walter Cannon
c) William James
d) Charles Darwin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Primary & Secondary Emotions
____ Emotions
Emotions that are felt first
Unthinking, instinctive responses
_____ Emotions
Appear after primary emotions
May be caused directly from primary emotions or a complex chain of thinking
Simple or complex emotions
Gives a picture of the mental processing of the primary emotion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is the bad stronger than the good?
Our negative evaluations appear to be more ______ than our positive evaluations
Makes _______ sense (i.e., pay attention to danger rather than to safety)
Ito et al. (1998)
Ss presented positively valenced photos (e.g., pizza) and negatively valenced photos (e.g., mutilated face)
Recorded electrocortical activity on the scalp
Negative stimuli generated greater ____ activity than the positive or neutral slides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Appraisal Theories & Distinct Emotions
Discrete approaches
Goal-congruent events elicit _____ emotions, and goal-incongruent events produce ______ emotions
->These stages make up primary appraisal (automatic and unconscious)
-Then the individual appraises the event in relation to more specific goals, or issues for the ego which is ______ appraisal
Emphasizes that ____ appraisals give rise to different emotions
Primary appraisal is not just positive or negative; each mode is a state of ______(do not know exactly what the event is)
Secondary appraisal -> ____ relational theme(the essential meaning for each emotion) |
|
Definition
positive; negative
secondary
unique
readiness
core |
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Term
Dimensional approaches
Focus on the many components of appraisals that relate to different emotions
Dimensions are the basic units of the _____________ ascribed to events in your life
Emotions are found to be defined by a distinct pattern of appraisal
Certain dimensions stand out in their ability to differentiate among related emotions
________________is important in emotion-related appraisal
…The same negative event may happen to you but which emotion you experience will depend on how you _________ the causes
Ex. Not doing well on exam – whether you see it as your fault (guilt) or someone else’s fault (anger) will determine your emotion - depends on how you appraise the causes! |
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Definition
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Term
Cultural Variation in Appraisal
Remember independent versus interdependent cultures?
Consider the simple situation of being alone…
Middle-class Europeans are likely to appraise being alone in positive terms and experience contentedness
Collectivists cultures, such as Utku Inuit or Ifaluk, appraise being alone in terms of ____ which elicits feelings of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Cultural Variation in Appraisal
Remember independent versus interdependent cultures?
Consider the simple situation of being alone…
Middle-class Europeans are likely to appraise being alone in positive terms and experience contentedness
Collectivists cultures, such as Utku Inuit or Ifaluk, appraise being alone in terms of ____ which elicits feelings of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Emotion Lexicon (Emotion words)
Applying a label to an emotional experience helps identify the _____ object of an experience
Many emotion words have a metaphorical content
Metaphors are concepts that people use to describe other concepts that are typically more abstract or hard to describe
Our emotion lexicon has _______________
Broadest (superordinate) level, basic level of knowledge, subordinate level |
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Definition
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Term
Cultural Differences?
Some cultures ____ specific emotions – they have rich vocabularies of experience related to certain emotions
Cultures vary in the _______________that represent emotion
Cultures vary in which states they represent with emotion terms |
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Definition
hypercognize
number of words |
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Term
Concepts of Emotions as Prototypes
How do we ______ emotions?
People tend to think about emotions in terms of ______ (something like a script)
Implications?
Assumes there are no ________________ between emotion categories
Helps account for the varieties of experiences that are represented by one category of emotion |
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Definition
categorize
prototypes
sharp boundaries |
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Term
How to measure emotional experience
_____ checklists
Ask people to indicate if they ____ with various statements like “I am feeling sad and dispirited”
Circle the number on a scale that indicates the intensity of which they feel a given mood (e.g., sad) |
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Definition
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Term
What are the fundamental elements of emotional experience?
Historically, attempts to answer this question has taken 2 forms…
Experience of certain basic emotions such as happiness or sadness is taken as being ______
Valence and arousal could collectively be the “_______________” of emotions |
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Definition
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Term
Emotions In the First Year of Life
At birth the baby may be described as a small bundle of reflexes…but as development proceeds, specific emotions are expressed in forms that are recognizable to others
In newborns,
-Crying
-Facial expression of ____ in response to sour taste
After 1st month or two,
-_____ smiles
-In 2nd month, smiles occur with gentle stroking
3rd month
Smile frequently in interaction with a caregiver
Smile in response to same events as older children or ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Lewis, Alessandri, & Sullivan (1990)
Showed that smiling occurs when infants ___________ ______________
Babies placed in an infant seat with string attached to their arms
Condition 1
Pulling string turned on music for a short period
Condition 2
Music played for a short period independent of string pulling
Condition 1 infants of 2, 4, 6, and 8 months soon learned to start the music by pulling the string and showed higher levels of ________ and __________ than condition 2 babies |
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Definition
master skills
interest; smiling |
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Term
Hiatt, Campos, & Emde (1979)
Tested the relation of emotional expressions to specific elicitors by presenting 10-12-month-old babies with 6 eliciting conditions
Hypotheses:
Either playing peek-a-boo or allowing the child to play with a toy would elicit _________________
Confronting a visual cliff or seeing the approach of a stranger would elicit _________
Seeing an object vanish or a piece of mild conjuring (i.e., toy replaced by another) would elicit _________________ |
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Definition
happiness
fear (Visual Cliff)
surprise |
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Term
Criteria
Predicted expression should occur more often than any non-predicted expression in response to the specific elicitor
Predicted expression must be displayed more often in its appropriate eliciting circumstances than in non-predicted eliciting circumstances
Results/Conclusions
For happiness, ______criteria met
For fear, ______ criteria met
For surprise, _____ criteria met but not second criteria |
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Definition
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Term
Therefore, in babies less than a year old…
Happy smiling occurs in response to ___________ games like peek-a-boo
Anger in response to frustration
Think about the function of emotions in the lives of infants…
Smile makes a caregiver happy and interested, as if the baby’s happiness was directly communicated
Negative expressions signal something is not _____; parent is prompted to pick the baby up and consider a range of reasons for the distress dependent on the context
When a baby becomes mobile, then finer discrimination among negative emotions becomes important |
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Definition
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Term
Development of Sadness, Anger, & Fear
Sadness emerges _________ months
Expect caregivers to respond to them
Associated with growing capacity to generate ___________________ for social events and to recognize violations of expectations
Anger emerges ________ months
Manifestation of frustration (blocked goals)
Associated with “means-end knowledge”
Fear emerges ~_ months
Associated with _________capacity and visual discrimination |
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Definition
3-4 months
expectations
4-6 months
8
memory |
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Term
Developmental Changes in Elicitation of Emotion
Scarr & Salapatek (1970)
Babies 2 months-2 years exposed to strangers, a visual cliff, a jack-in-the-box, a moving toy dog, loud noises, and someone wearing a mask
As children age, they show more fearful avoidance of visual cliff, and more fear of strangers and masks
For fear of loud/sudden movements and unfamiliar toys, fear began ~ 7 months, reached a peak at the end of 1st year, then ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
Preschoolers fear of _____________________such as monsters or ghosts
Early grade school fears surrounding bodily injury and physical danger
Adolescence primary cause of fear is related to ____________ ___________; increased negative emotion
Grade 10 and up positivity increases; sexual love first comes to be important |
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Definition
imaginary themes
social concerns |
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Term
Infants’ Perceptions and Parents’ Special Expressions
___________, which babies show from first few hours of life, may have emotional effects on them
Infants make discriminations between some emotional expressions, via ___________________
2-3months: discriminate happy, sad, and surprise expressions
4-6 months: discriminate anger expressions
5-7 months: discriminate fear |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main limitations with neuroimaging techniques? |
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Definition
a) Just because a brain area is active during a cognitive process does not necessarily mean that brain area is responsible for that process
b) The time it takes to acquire an image is pretty slow |
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Term
Infants’ Perceptions and Parents’ Special Expressions
-Infants tend to first recognize emotional expressions from __________________________
-Pay more attention to “_________________” and show more positive emotion to it
-________may enhance emotional coordination between mothers and infants |
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Definition
their parents' voices
motherese
music |
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Term
Preschool children have only a modest ability to offer ___ labels for photographs
In order: happy, angry, and sad emerge early, then scared, surprised, and disgusted emerge later
By early school age, children are good at ______ emotions in other people |
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Definition
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Term
Attachment
Central to human emotional development
Caregiver/infant love is the foundational relationship of intimacy – forms a ______ for intimate relationships for the rest of life
Harlow (1959) experiment
Harlow's Monkey Experiment |
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Definition
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Term
Construction of the Child’s Relationship with Others
Emotions show that an interaction is going ____ or that adjustments need to be made
The mother plays with her baby, and gears her own responses to each shift in the baby’s emotional state
Cohn & Tronick (1983)
Examined what happened when mothers showed no emotions to their babies
Babies videotaped while mothers cycled 3-minute intervals of “___ ___” with acting normally
Still Face Experiment
Flat affect infants made more ______, more wary expressions, briefer positive expressions |
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Definition
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Term
Although it has been hard to demonstrate unequivocally how well babies can discriminate specific adult emotional expressions, it is more clear that adult emotions do function to regulate _____
“Mutual Regulation Model”
4-6 month babies become behaviorally more _____ when they pictures of happy adult faces; became negative when shown angry faces
Emotional messages are exchanged so that each partner achieves his or her own goals in coordination with those of the other
Emotions are _____infant signals to parent, parent signals to infant, each alters behavior accordingly |
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Definition
interactions
positive
communications |
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Term
In the first year, babies develop social _____ skills
Skills using information from caregivers to alter their own actions
Sorce et al. (1985)
Exposed 1-year-olds to visual cliff
74% crossed cliff when mothers showed a _____ facial expression
None crossed cliff when mother showed a fearful expression
Subsequent studies confirm that facial expression alone can powerfully affect whether a child will cross the visual cliff |
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Definition
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Term
Differentiation between self and others
Newborn babies respond to the cries of other infants by ____ themselves– reflex or precursor to empathy?
At 6 months, babies show much clearer interest in others’ emotions, by leaning toward a peer who shows distress, by touching, and so forth
12-24 months, children respond to another’s distress by comforting, bringing a parent, offering an object
By 3 yrs, ways they offer comfort are more appropriate to the ____ of the other person
We can see the crucial role of the child’s sense of herself/himself in ____ |
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Definition
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Term
Empathy and Compassion
Empathy is essential to prosocial behavior, kindness, caring, and justice
With increasing cognitive capacity our ability to understand the world becomes more complex and allows for more ______ responses to the other person |
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Definition
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Term
Rouge-on-the-Nose Test
Embarrassment relies on the development of the _______ of self, which comes with cognitive maturity
Mark Test
Compared the ability to feel embarrassment with ability to feel fear (arguing fear is a simpler emotion – not reliant on ____-recognition)
Rouge on their nose and mirror in room; stranger introduced in room |
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Definition
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Term
All children would display fear of stranger, but only children recognizing self in mirror would display _______
Indeed they found such a relationship |
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Definition
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Term
Differentiation of self from others
- Learning through _______
-> ______ neurons?
-Deception
->Self-conscious emotions (begin around 18 months): _______, envy, & embarrassment |
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Definition
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Term
Self-conscious evaluative emotions
By ______ years old…
Pride
Shame
Guilt
Regret
Language significantly contributes to emotional development at this stage… |
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Definition
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Term
Language of Emotions in Cooperative Action
Children start talking about internal states around 18 months, and the proportion of time they spend talking about emotions gradually increases with ___
Several important consequences for cooperative action – by the 3rd year, ~ half of the conversation of emotions were about the ___ of the feelings; shows the complexity of children’s knowledge
Many researchers believe that children’s awareness and discussion of feeling states precede and lay foundations for their (implicit) theories of other people’s ____ |
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Definition
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Term
Language about emotions enables the development of shared meaning about _____ states
A new degree of relatedness is possible! |
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Definition
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Term
Behavioral versus Mentalistic Ideas of Emotion
By 3-4 years old, children give plausible reasons for experiencing emotions in which they make reference to the ____ states (or desires) of other people
Preschool children frequently explain the emotions of other children by making reference to the desires and beliefs of the other child |
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Definition
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Term
These developments in understanding the causes of emotion are early indications of the child’s theory of ____
Understanding that their own mental states are distinctive and may change, and that others have mental states that can be different from their own
By 4 yrs, children become good at explaining people’s actions in terms of these people’s own ____ states, including desires and emotions
This development is important for cooperative partnerships |
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Definition
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Term
Emotional Intelligence
How well a person can recognize one’s own emotions, recognize the emotions of others, manage or regulate one’s emotions, and so on
Such skills comprise ___________ competence, they’re learned in childhood, and form the bases of socialization
Evidence that emotional competence predicts both current and future social competence |
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Definition
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Term
Emotional Intelligence
How well a person can recognize one’s own emotions, recognize the emotions of others, manage or regulate one’s emotions, and so on
Such skills comprise emotional competence, they’re learned in childhood, and form the bases of socialization
Evidence that emotional _____ predicts both current and future social competence |
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Definition
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Term
Three Kinds of Social Motivation
-________________
->Primary function is protection and care of the immature infant
-_______________
->Affection; “warmth”
->Draws individuals together even when they are not genetically related
-_______________
->“power”
->Motivation of competition and conflict (to rise in social hierarchy) |
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Definition
attachment
affiliation
assertion |
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Term
Attachment and its Separation from Affiliation
The function of attachment is thought to be _____________
There is more to parental love than just protecting a child, however
_________ __________
The system of affiliation, warmth, and affection is equally important as the protective functions |
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Definition
protective
Maternal sensitivity |
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Term
The system of affiliation and warmth is based on positive reward, and is closely associated with the system of ________
We touch and hug those to whom we feel affectionate
Affiliation -> communal relating (caring) |
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Definition
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Term
Emotions are Social
Emotions are evaluations (appraisals) of events that affect different kinds of _____________ goals
However, emotions are not solely determined by appraisals of events
Emotions create social relationships
Emotions are not just states of readiness
They are __________________ |
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Definition
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Term
Emotions within Intimate Relationships
In long-term love, 2 people cooperate to accomplish together what they could not do alone, resulting in an affectional bond
The attachment relationship of infancy creates a _______________ for later intimate relationships |
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Definition
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Term
Maternal Caregiving and Affiliative Warmth
Fleming et al. (2002)
In rats, mothers show distinctive kinds of maternal behavior toward infants
Both “retrieving” and infants sucking is characteristic of all ________________
In humans, retrieval is equivalent to responding to babies’ cries by picking them up and keeping them safe |
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Definition
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Term
In humans, cuddling, kissing, stroking, and other forms of physical contact are equivalent to maternal _____ in rats
This form of touching is dependent on the mother herself having experienced bodily contact as an infant |
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Definition
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Term
Affiliation and Sexual Relating
Male _____ Hypothesis
Started with the joining of the affiliative-warmth system to the reproductive one
Humans started to walk upright – infants couldn’t cling to mothers as apes do; mothers must devote more resources
Males started to make a contribution to the rearing of specific infants
Eventually resulted in __________________
The human family are bound together by emotions of ______ |
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Definition
Provisioning
pair bonding
affection |
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Term
Principles of Sexual Love
100,000 Americans surveyed – it was not wealth, power, youth, nor health – but love in marriage that respondents thought was the good that they most closely identified with happiness
Falling in love hinges on being _________, committed in spite of possible exploitation, and merging the self with the loved one |
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Definition
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Term
What is meant by “love”?
Several studies have differentiated sexual desires from _____ love
Participants asked to exclude emotion terms that did not belong in category of “love”
Few excluded caring (8%) and affection (27%)
Many excluded desire (59%), infatuation (82%), and lust (87%)
Ss said love only partially overlaps with whom you feel sexual desire |
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Definition
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Term
| Romantic, or sexual, love, is associated with the release of ____________, which itself promotes devotion and monogamy |
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Definition
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Term
Anger & Contempt in Marriage
Gottman & Levenson (1983)
Followed the marriages of 79 couples
Indentified the “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse” (negative behaviors most damaging to relationships)
___________
________________
_______________
_____________________
Predicted who would stay married vs. divorce with ___% accuracy!
When express anger- raises awareness and helps resolve conflict by finding resolution |
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Definition
Criticism
Defensiveness
Stonewalling (refusing talking about a matter)
Contempt for partner
93 |
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Term
Friendship and Gratitude
Cooperative alliances like friendships emerged in human evolution and are successful because there is reciprocal giving and affection
Gratitude is a glue of cooperative social living amongst non-kin – it is a moral emotion
Serves as a barometer for what friends are ___________
Motivates altruistic, affectionate behavior
Expression of gratitude acts as a ___________– it reinforces affectionate, cooperative behavior |
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Definition
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Term
Emotions of Assertion within Groups
In social mammals and birds, dominance hierarchies are common – _____ resources, such as food and sexual partners
Hierarchies negotiated by aggression and reconciliation
A person displaying anger in the face is perceived ________ _________ than when displaying a submissive emotion like _____________________ |
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Definition
govern
larger physically
embarrassment |
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Term
Cross-Cultural Variations in the Management of Anger
Some cultures view anger as _______ and to be avoided
In some cultures, anger plays a ______ role
Tend to be male-dominated, aggression-based, emphasizing power and revenge
Some individuals emerge as heroes – their exploits marking them out |
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Definition
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Term
The role of anger in aggressive societies is that it fires people to perform deeds of which they would be otherwise ________
Creates courage and justifies slaughter |
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Definition
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Term
Gender Relations
“_____” versus “____________”
Women are thought of as more emotionally expressive and sensitive ->_____________
An expectation about how women and men will ______
Stereotypically female emotions include happiness and fear – emotions of affiliation and submissiveness
Stereotypically male emotions include anger and other emotions of dominance |
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Definition
sex
gender
stereotype
behave |
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Term
| Women are on average more ____________, more able to offer better social support – female role meshes with prioritization of social goals of nurturance and affiliation |
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Definition
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Term
Gender/Power affect Intimate Relationships
Two of Gottman & Levenson’s (2000) toxic maneuvers – defensiveness and stonewalling – are especially destructive when performed by ________
Contempt is especially predictive of marital dissatisfaction and divorce when it is expressed by _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
Intergroup Conflict
Goodall (1986)
Becoming an “______-_______”
The emotional preference for “us”, and hostility to “them”, is indeed a candidate for a biologically inherited human universal
Anger directed at the out-group is more likely when group members individually feel that their group is __________compared to the out-group, and when the members are strongly identified with the group
Dominance and assertiveness, this time between groups, give rise to emotions like anger
**Oxytocin has to do with this; favor in-group rather than out-group** |
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Definition
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Term
What can be done generally about inter-group hostility?
Cooperating on joint _______
______________, which has its roots in reconciliation process nonhuman primates so routinely engage in to maintain peaceful communities
Forgiveness versus grudge lowered blood pressure, less stress-related heart rate increase and skin conductance response in the hands, and reduced brow furrowing associated with anger |
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Definition
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Term
Violence between Societies
Violent events go beyond anger to an appalling capacity of people in our species, usually acting in groups, to treat people of other cultures as __________________
Probably the best way to understand these phenomena is to think not just in terms of anger, but in terms of the emotions of ________ and __________
Contempt – ____ of members of out-groups; ______ |
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Definition
nonhuman
disgust; contempt
rejection; prejudice |
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Term
If emotions are to some extent universal, then as well as separating people they can build _______
If there were no universals of ____________, there would be no basis for concerted world action on anything, no human sympathy for the oppressed, no outrage against tyranny, no passion for justice, no concern for protecting or sharing the world’s limited resources |
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Definition
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