Term
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Definition
watching model, behave as they do
(babies/primates imitae facial expressions) |
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Definition
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Term
| how environment reinforces imitation |
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Definition
observer reinforced by model (tying shoes, good job)
observer reinforced by third person (teacher says good job)
imitated behavior leads to reinforcers (tie shoes fats, play outside faster)
vicarious reinforcement (see others get reinforced) |
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Term
| vicarious reinforcement and punishment |
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Definition
from watching a model, you can learn both how to and how not to behave
(bobo doll) |
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Term
| problems with behaviorist theory |
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Definition
latent learning
observation not shaping
behavior without reinforcement |
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Term
| cognitive factors of social learning |
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Definition
learning without performance
during learning-attention
expectations: outcommes, efficacy |
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Term
| triadic reciprocal causation |
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Definition
| behavior <---> person (cognition) <---> environment (reinforcement) |
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Term
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Definition
| live, symbolic, verbal instructions |
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Term
| behaviors that can be learned |
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Definition
| academic, aggression, morality |
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Term
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Definition
competent
prestige and power
gender appropriate
behavior is relevant to observers' situation |
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Term
| observational learning and the media |
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Definition
violence
aggression
(police drama vs bball game) |
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Term
| bandura's 4 step pattern: combined cognitive and operant views |
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Definition
attention
retention
reproduction
motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical approach that emphasizes each individual's perception and experience of their world and tends to view people as being thinking, creative, and growth oriented |
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Term
| guiding ideals of humanism |
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Definition
each person has a potential for growth and development
no person is bad, incapable, or unworthy
people are motivated to grow and use their potential
people are individuals and cannot be treated as common elements |
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Term
| 3 basic principles of humanistic psychology |
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Definition
-what is importnat is the experience of being human: focus on subjective awareness of our world, not other's view of our world
-takes a holistic approach: looks at person as a whole
-we all have personal agency: ability to make a choice, personal growth |
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Term
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Definition
| people can be helped to change and develop by becoming aware of own feelings and motivations and influences upon them |
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Term
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Definition
| early work posited brain locations for specific behaviors and traits |
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Term
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Definition
early behaviorists did not allow theorizing about mental processes such as thinking, feeling, or sensation
Hebb was one of first to allow for theorizing about higher order mental processes |
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Term
| mental processes as a physiology |
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Definition
hebb wanted to know what was happening behind the scenes during learning
he analyzed learning at the conceptual neuronal level |
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Term
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Definition
drugs to block neurotransmitter release
lesions to certain areas
non-invasive: CAT scans, PET scans, fMRI |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
info collectors
receive inout from neighboring neurons
inputs may number in thousands
if enough inputs, axon may generate output |
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Term
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Definition
mature neurons generally can't divide
but new dendrites can grow
provides room for more connections to other neurons
new connections are basis for learning |
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Term
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Definition
cell's output structure
one axon per cell, 2 distinct parts
tubelike structure |
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Term
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Definition
axons branch out and end near dendrites of neighboring cells
terminal buttons are the tips of the axons branches
a gap separates the axon from dendrites
gap is the synapse |
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Term
| neurological changes during learning |
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Definition
more connections among neurons:
-new dendrites sprout
-new synapses created
exisitng connections modified:
-dendrites extended
-synapses change |
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Term
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Definition
| when an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B or repeatedly takes part in firing it, some growth or metabolic change takes place in both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased |
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Term
| neurons that fire together |
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Definition
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Term
| biological basis of hebb's rule |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
environmental influence
experience affects brain development |
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Term
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Definition
bred smart rats with smart rats
trained babies and bred
18 generations later-almost no overlap |
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Term
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Definition
mixed rosensweig and tryon studies
MB and MD rats in 3 different environments
results:
normal environment-showed effect of MB and MD
impoverished-bad regardless of genetics
enriched-good regardless of genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities |
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Term
| 6 motivation perspectives |
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Definition
instinct theory
clark hull's formula
drive-reduction theory
arousal theory
hierarchy of motives
learned motivation |
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Term
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Definition
instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout species and are unlearned
(bird nests, Aron Ralston) |
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Term
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Definition
RS=H*D*I
response strength-amount of responding now
habit strength-amount of operant conditioning
drive-how deprived you're feeling
incentive-how appealing reinforcer is |
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Term
| drive and incentive together |
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Definition
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Term
| strength of motivation can be manipulated by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hunger, thirst, social interaction |
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Term
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Definition
drive-state of unrest or irritation that energizes behavior until irritation is removed
animals strive to reduce their drives as much as possible |
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Term
| drive-reduction theory flow chart |
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Definition
| need (food, water)--> drive (hunger, thirst)--> drive-reducing behavior (eat, drink) |
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Term
| aim of drive-reduction theory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal |
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Term
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Definition
(bottom to top)
physiological needs
safety needs
love and belongingness
esteem needs
need to know and understand
aesthetic needs
self-actualization need
first 4- deficiency needs, motivation decreases as needs are met
last 3-growth needs, motivation increases as needs are met |
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Term
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Definition
| social motivation-motives acquired through learning and culture |
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Term
| matching perspectives with learning theories |
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Definition
clark hull-behavioral
instinct-neurological
drive-reduction theory-neurological
arousal-cognitive
hierarchy-humanistic
learned motivation-social learning |
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Term
| learning depends in part on the: |
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Definition
| attributions we make about our successes and failures |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned with how people make causal explanations |
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Term
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Definition
internal-your personal doing
external-situation, external forces caused event |
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Term
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Definition
stable-things that won't change
unstable-things that change all the time |
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Term
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Definition
controllable-things we can influence
uncontrollable-things we have no influence over |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| actors attribute their negative actions to situational requirements, while observers attribute the same actions to stable personal dispositions |
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Term
| how motivations affect behavior |
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Definition
-preferences for one activity over another, direct activity towards attainment of a particular goal
-vigor or intensity of responses
-persistence of organized patterns of action toward relevant goals |
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