Term
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Definition
-Purposive behaviorism
-not reductionist but global
-intervening variables
-expctations affect behavior
-learning results in an organized body of info (cognitive maps)
-learning can be latent |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| latent learning experiment |
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Definition
rats in maze with no food
later introduced to food
found food quickly because they were already familiar with maze |
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Definition
internal states DO matter
black box can be measured |
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Definition
-roots of cognitive psychology
-Gestalt: German for form or whole
-"whole is greater than sum of parts"
-showed that perception is more than what the senses pick up
-organisms organize experience |
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Term
| individuals naturally perceive things as a... |
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Definition
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Term
| gestalt laws of perceptual organization |
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Definition
| law of Pragnanz: out of many possible ways to perceive the environment, the one that will prevail is the simplest, most comprehensive, ans most stable |
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| gestalt organizing principles |
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Definition
proximity
similarity
closure |
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Definition
| we group nearby objects together |
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Definition
| we group similar objects together |
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Definition
| we perceive incomplete figures as complete |
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| gestalt concept of insight |
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Definition
Kohler:
-insight is not reducible to stimulus-response pairings
-process of organization and reorganization (that stick is a tool) |
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| Thinking-Insight (Kohler's experiment) |
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Definition
| chimpanzee with bananas out of reach, stack boxes to reach them |
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Term
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Definition
| functional fixedness: tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions |
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Term
| gestalt principles of perception |
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Definition
universal
apply to other senses |
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Term
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Definition
| persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of info |
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Term
| information processing approach |
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Definition
similar to computer
put info in, store it, retrieve it |
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Term
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Definition
letters on screen
participant recall
high tone-had to recall top row
medium tone- recall middle row
low tone- recall bottom row |
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Term
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Definition
| brief persisting image of a visual stimulus after removal of stimulus |
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Definition
| brief persistence of an auditory stimulus after presentation |
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Term
| factors that influence attention |
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Definition
-novelty: bizarre, weird
-intensity: loud
-incongruity: image doesn't match context
-emotion: sad, scary, funny
-personal significance: your name |
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Term
| cocktail party phenomenon |
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Definition
| ability to attend to one spoken message while ignoring others |
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Term
| factors that affect working memory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| group items together that have a similar meaning |
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Term
| example of encoding less than we receive |
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Definition
where's waldo
we can't encode everything that is coming in |
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Term
| example of encoding more than we receive |
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Definition
we put our own thoughts on what comes in
abstract paintings, art |
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Term
| 4 factors that influence encoding |
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Definition
-encoding process
-previous knowledge
-characterisitcs of information
-state |
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Term
| 4 factors that influence encoding |
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Definition
-encoding process
-previous knowledge
-characterisitcs of information
-state |
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Term
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Definition
rehearsal
concept learning
elaboration |
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Term
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Definition
recycling or repeating info over and over in your working memory
(not best way) |
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Term
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Definition
| class of objects or events that share one or more similarities |
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Term
| concept learning theories |
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Definition
feature list theory
prototype theory
exemplars
hypothesis testing |
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Term
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Definition
determine if an object possesses enough relevant features
defining, correlational, irrelevant |
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Term
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Definition
representative example of a typical member of a category
pictures of a typical car when teaching car |
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Term
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Definition
a concept may be based more on a variety of examples than a single prototype
fruit-apples, bananas, etc |
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Term
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Definition
make hypothesis and test it
gudge-gray square with something in it |
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Term
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Definition
actively question new info
think about its implications
relate info to things you already know
generate own example of concepts |
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Term
| previous knowledge: schemas |
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Definition
| frameworks of knowledge that help organize info in memory |
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Definition
it can lead to distortions
ex. office schema, recalled seeing things not in office |
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Definition
imagery
meaning
structure
spacing effects |
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| imagery: picture superiority effect |
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Definition
| pictures are better remembered than words |
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| explanation of superiority effect |
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Definition
dual coding
-both visual and verbal encoding
-more paths for recall |
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Term
| other characterisitcs of imagery |
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Definition
| concrete words are better remembered than abstract words (cat vs faith) |
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Term
| meaning:domain specific knowledge |
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Definition
info that is related to something you already know is better remembered
why? organization/elaboration
washing machine paragraph |
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Term
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Definition
things encoded in a certain structure are recalled in that structure easier
books of bible, months |
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Term
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Definition
distributed practice or spaced practice is better and is a strong, well replicated effect
study a little each day, not one day |
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Definition
context effects
moods and memories |
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Term
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Definition
| learn material in one place, retain it better in that place |
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Term
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Definition
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
emotions or moods serve as retrieval cues |
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Term
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Definition
| confirmation bias, interconnected network of knowledge, personal or emotional investment, goes against social environment |
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Term
| promoting effective encoding |
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Definition
| mnemonics, contextual cues, meaningful learning-elaboration, distributed vs massed learning |
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Term
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Definition
mechanism for saving info
knowledge base to interpret new info
idiosyncratic: no 2 ppl store info in the same way |
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Term
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Definition
| memories change while in storage |
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Term
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Definition
symbols (words, numbers)
images (picture, person)
propositions (individual units of info)
productions (how to do something) |
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Term
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Definition
explicit:
-semantic (columbus,1942)
-episodic (specific occurrence)
implicit:procedural (ride bike, drive) |
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Term
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Definition
hierarchy (important stuff remembered more)
propositional network (how things relate)
parallel distributed processing (stored in many places in brain) |
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Term
| factors that affect storage |
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Definition
elaboration
meaningful learning
working memory
prior knowledge
prior misconceptions
expectations
verbalization
enactment
repetition and review |
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Term
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Definition
prior knowledge links
interconnect ideas
visual aids
variety of instructional strategies
processing time
end of lesson summaries
periodic review
advanced organizer |
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Term
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Definition
power of suggestion
false memories-schemas
distortion and confidence |
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Term
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Definition
loftus and palmer study
subjects watched car wreck video
smashed-highest speed
contacted-lowest speed
staged robbery- 50% of witnesses said they saw taperecorder |
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Term
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Definition
journal of events from childhood, one not true
lost in mall-"remembered" it even though didn't happen |
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Term
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Definition
memory for a situation in which you learned of a very surprising event (9/11)
not 100% accurate
confidence much higher |
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Term
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Definition
oj simpson trial
tell what was happening when they found out verdict
stories changed over time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
decay
failure to retrieve
failure to encode
interference
repression
amnesia
infantile amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
disappears from memory
ex. study material for test, take test, forget |
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Term
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Definition
cant retrieve it when you need it
ex. text me when you get there-forget |
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Term
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Definition
not paying attention
ex. watching tv while someone is talking to you |
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Term
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Definition
retroactive-new memory intereferes with old
ex. learn spanish, learn french, forget spanish
proactive-old memory interferes with new
ex. move houses, drive to old house |
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Term
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Definition
stuff memory so far that you no longer remember it
beale's sister-ex husband stalker
over 90% of mental health prof. accept this |
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Term
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Definition
| memory loss due to either emotional arousal or damage to nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
retrograde-can't remember stuff before accident
anterograde-can't form new memories
ex. 50 first dates |
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Term
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Definition
before language, can't form memories about language
ex. preschoolers and bubbles experiment |
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Term
| how to assist retrieval process |
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Definition
organization
retrieval cues
similarity between storage and retrieval
retrieval can take time
encourage review before assessment
promote deeper learning-elaboration
sleep-8+ hours per night |
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