Term
| According to the Modal Model of Memory, why does recency occur in memory for word lists? |
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Definition
| The last few items remain in STM |
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Term
According to the Modal Model of Memory, which of the following discriminates b/w short and long term memory?
a) familiarity: it only shows effects in STM
b) duration of memories: less than 1 second for STM & unclear for LTM
c) modality of storage: so |
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Definition
| C) modality of storage: sound for STM and semantic for LTM |
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Term
| The magical number 7 plus or minus 2 is thought to be a limit on what part of the cognitive system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is anterograde amnesia? |
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Definition
| The inability to remember episodic information after the onset of amnesia |
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Term
| Amnesiacs like HM are unable to remember recent experiences but nonetheless can learn new skills. Why is this observation a problem for the Modal Model of Memory? |
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Definition
| It shows that some memory can occur without awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Storage and retrieval of time dated, spatially located and personally experienced events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Storage and use of knowledge of words and concepts. |
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Term
| What is a remember judgment, according to Tulving? |
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Definition
| A recollective experience when someone becomes aware of the ORIGINAL encoding event |
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Term
| What is a know judgment, according to Tulving? |
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Definition
| a feeling of FAMILIARITY such that one believes the event is old without recollective experience |
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Term
| What is the revelation effect? |
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Definition
| Showing a word gradually during a recognition test, resulting in more recognition and false alarms |
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Term
| What is a reasonable explanation of Jacoby's finding that someone can become famous overnight? |
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Definition
| This is a result of an item feeling familiar and an individual attributing familiarity to a cause |
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Term
| What type of memory is displayed by the ability to perform a mirror writing task? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is incidental learning? |
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Definition
| Processing of info. that results in memory without that being the goal |
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Term
| What is intentional learning? |
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Definition
| Studying a list of items with the intent to learn |
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Term
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Definition
| The influence of memory on performance without direct retrieval attempts or conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| The retrieval of a memory based on an instruction to retrieve |
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Term
| What is the phonological loop? |
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Definition
| The aspect of working memory that uses verbal information |
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Term
| What is the central executive? |
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Definition
| This aspect of working memory allocates capacity resources for memory & processing |
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Term
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Definition
| A previously seen item is more rapidly processed in a second presentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A previously seen item is more rapidly processed in a second presentation. |
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Term
| What is the form of the classic Ebbinghaus forgetting curve? |
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Definition
| Rapid forgetting at first that gradually slows down:
[image] |
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Term
| In the Brown-Peterson paradigm, individuals learn a short list of items and then count backwards by threes from a 3-digit number. After 20 seconds of backwards counting, very little memory for the short list of items remains. What was the original conclu |
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Definition
| Information decays rapidly from short-term memory when rehersal is prevented |
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Term
| Who came up with schema theory? And when he argued for this theory, he argued against the reliance of memory researchers on list learning experiments. What basic form of validity argument did he use in making this claim? |
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Definition
| Bartlett; used external validity - participants used memory differently than they normally would |
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Term
| What argues that short term memory is a separate system from long-term memory? |
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Definition
| The Modal Model of Memory |
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Term
| How do short term and long term memory differ in size (according to the modal model)? |
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Definition
| Short term is 7 +or- 2, while LTM is unlimited |
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Term
| According to the modal model, how do LTM & STM differ in time constraints? |
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Definition
| Info stays in long term for YEARS while info stays in short term for only 20-30 seconds |
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Term
| What is the problem with Brown-Perterson's assertion that counting backwards (filled delay) interrupts rehearsal? |
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Definition
| The filled delay OVERRIDES the information slots in STM (takes up the 7 plus/minus 2 slots) |
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Term
| What is a recency problem for the modal model? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Recency is found in long term memory tasks (e.g. president list) |
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Term
| What does the Levels of Processing argument argue? |
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Definition
| What form of encoding you use predicts how long/easy the info will be available (deeper processing better). |
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Term
| How is time & amnesia a problem for the modal model? |
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Definition
| Amnesiacs can remember things for up to 20-30 minutes sometimes! |
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Term
| Accoding to the LOP argument, deep encoding is more efficient. Why is this so? |
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Definition
| The amount of background knowledge you have about or associate w/ the item helps you encode better. |
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Term
| How is format of storage a problem for STM account of the Modal Model? |
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Definition
| Short term memory holds sounds - so how can you remember songs by heart (like the star spangled banner)? This is a problem. |
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Term
| In Baddely's word list, people are given many lists of words, some longer than others, and then are asked to remember the words immediately after. What did this test display & what does it argue against? |
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Definition
| Displays the word length effect - short ones are easier to remember.
Argues against slot-time capacity but a problem with rehersal-time; trying to rehearse longer words takes a longer time. |
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Term
| What are the 3 memory forms in Tulving's taxonomy of memory? |
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Definition
| episodic, semantic, procedural |
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Term
| According to Tulving, what do you need to be conscious of to retrieve episodic memories? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Tulving, what do you need to be conscious of to retrieve SEMANTIC memories? |
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Definition
| A concept or a "knowledge" state of consciousness |
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Term
| In Tulving's 3 types of memory, what are the steps of evolution? That is, which comes first, second, and third? |
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Definition
| 1. procedural
2. Semantic
3. Episodic |
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Term
| As demonstrated in the revelation effect (old vs. new) lab, episodic and semantic memory use two separate types of retrieval. What are they? |
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Definition
| Episodic: uses recollection (or self-awareness)
Semantic: uses familiarity (or knowledge) |
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