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| can be said to develop according to steps determined in the human organism's readiness to be driven toward, to be aware of, and to interact with a widening radius of significant individuals and institutions |
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| a series of developmental stages proposed by Erikson through which all people pass. He emphasized the social dimension of personality |
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| a crucial period in which the individual faces a decisive turn |
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static and peaceful; elaborate and beautiful
scenes were outward manifestations of their genitalia |
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freud: the importance of biological difference between males and females for personality development-anatomy IS destiny
erikson: agreed that anatomical differences provide patterns of internal stimulation but insisted that such stimulation interacts with the social environment to produce personality characteristics. No support for Penis Envy. Anatomy and destiny are combined
anatomy, history, and personality are our combined destiny |
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| a transitory failure to develop a self image or identity |
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| an identity opposed to the dominant values of one's culture |
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| can't deal with different people/share themselves on a deeper level |
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tasks leading to numbing routines.
EG: Stagnation at finals time. |
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the combined use of psychoanalysis and historical methods to study individuals and groups
the examination of the life of a famous figure in history by the use of his development theory of personality. EG: the evaluation on Ghandi and his publication about it |
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| every culture tries to make it easier; each culture makes rituals that will facilitate our development the reflect our beliefs, customs, or values |
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| how the crisis is handled, it will influence the future crisis that will be addressed. |
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| later, the bio-psycho-social forces converge to make the crisis the focal point. You are REALLY experiencing the crisis |
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| all of the stages exist at birth in a rudimentary fashion. The potential is there, but it's not the focal point yet. |
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| immature phase, critical, resolution |
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a turning point; things will go one way or the other can can solve successfully or unsuccessfully
Conflict that becomes dominant during a particular stage of development that can be resolved positively, thus strengthening the ego, or resolved negatively, thus weakening the ego. Each crisis, therefore, is a turning point in one's development |
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| The innate biological principle that determines the sequence in which the eight stages of psychosocial development occurs; the sequence (unfolding) of those stages is innate, thus, it cannot be altered. How the stages unfold that it genetically determined |
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| theoritical system that stresses the importance of the ego as an autonomous part of the personality instead of viewing the ego as merely the servant of the id. |
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| when ritualization becomes stereotyped or mechanical causing social and psychological pathology |
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Birth-1: needs being met consistently and reliably. No matter how wonderful one's parents might be, we are born where life is already present.
stage: oral-sensory
ego quality successful development: hope (the ending belief in attainability of fervent wishes)
numinous v. idolism |
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| autonomy v. shame and doubt |
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1-3: "NO" is the favorite word, they want to have self control so the parents have to juggle this
stage: muscular-anal (negativity)
ego quality successful development: will (the unbroken determination to exercise free choice as well as self-restraint)
it corresponds to Freud's oral stage, in which the child faces the task of developing control over his or her body and bodily functions
judiciousness v. legalism |
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4-5: have a conscious, should feel guilty if they act like a "bad me" and should be punished.
stage: locomotor-genital
ego quality successful development: purpose (the courage to envisage and pursue valued goals, uninhibited by guilt or the fear of punishment)
it corresponds to Freud's oral stage, in which infants face the task of directing their curiosity and activity toward specific goals and achievement.
Play stage: preschool years; can play independently and anticipate consequences
authenticity v. impersonation |
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6-11: children need to develop the necessary skills of school, they need to learn how to survive in the environment, to be socialized and do things in a certain way and do it well. Produce results and receive feedback. EG: not good enough; stimulate you to do better
stage: latency
ego quality successful development: competence (the free exercise of dexterity and intelligence in the completion of tasks, unimpaired by infantile inferiority)
it corresponds to Freud's latency period, in which children face the task of learning and mastering the technology of their culture
looking forward to leaping over the hurdles in life; school achievement is needed
formality v. formalism |
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| Identity v. Role Confusion |
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12-20: haven't resolved anything yet, and suspended in midair- in between places
stage: adolescence
ego quality successful development: fidelity (the ability to sustain freely pledged loyalties, despite the inevitable contradictions of value systems
psychosocial moratorium: "time out" space between youth and adulthood. Trying different roles, "who am I?"
Role Confusion: postpone making decisions indefinitely
Negative Identity: Malcolm X example; Oppressive ideologies convince member of subordinate groups that they are inferior, leading to internalized oppression
Erikson's psychosocial stage of adolescence in which one faces the task of developing a self image.
Puberty; converging to one's gender roles; young person makes educational choices that leads to decisions and desire to be a part of something larger (can be helpful or dangerous) time to be loyal and find one's own uniqueness
ideology v. totalism |
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20-24: interacting on a deeper level with others versus becoming a "longer" or striking up plenty of superficial relationships
stage: young adulthood
ego quality successful development: love (the mutuality of devotion, which subdues the antagonisms inherent in divided functioning
Marriage is the example; not only sexual but friendships and work relations; pathological isolation
Affiliation v. Elitism |
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| Generativity v. Stagnation |
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25-64: wanting to teach; work we do, ideas we create, adults helping the younger generation to care for them, the person will remain self-centered and experience stagnation (EG: Scrooge)
stage: adulthood
ego quality successful development: care (the widening concern for others, overcoming the ambivalence to obligations)
Erikson's psychosocial stage in the middle years, in which one faces the dilemma of being productive and creative in life
share understanding and guilt with future generations; routines
generationalism v. authoritism |
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65-death: idea that "i had a good life and I'm OK with dying" or "I never married my sweetheart or didn't put the band together" detached concern with life itself in face of death itself
stage: maturity
ego quality successful development: wisdom (the detached concern with life in the face of death)
People with overwhelming feelings that they didn't accomplish things in life are stuck here
integralism v. sapientism |
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dynamic; high walls with towers and cannons
scenes were outward manifestations of their genitalia |
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| James Marcia 4 ego identity statuses based on whether people have explored identity options (crisis) and whether they have made a decision (commitment) |
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Identity achievement: the individual did experience a crisis, the individual emerged out of the crisis with a commitment to the identity (yes-yes)
Moratorium: in the middle of an identity crisis without having made a commitment (yes-no)
Foreclosure: commitment made, usually on the bases of parental values (no-yes)
Identity Diffusion: no crisis or confusion (no-no) |
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difficult to test empirically (lacks quantification and statistical analysis)
overly optimistic, unrealistic, and simplistic view of humans
Support of the status quo
rooted in patriarchy and individualism
excessive moralizing
failure to properly acknowledge the influences of Adler and Horney |
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expansion of psychology's domain
considerable applied value
development of ego psychology |
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| bio-psycho-social model of lifespan development |
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| the integration of genetics, thought-emotions-behavior,and social factors that play a role in human functioning. These do grow and develop over a lifetime; each part plays a specific role but they are all intertwined with each other |
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| Unlike Freud, what did Erikson emphasize in his theory of personality development |
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| Erikson emphasized the importance of the ego and was the founder of ego psychology |
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| How are Erikson's stages different from Freud's psychosexual stages |
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| Erikson's psychosocial stages describe the social experience over an entire lifespan. Freud's theory was primarily sexual in nature and most of the development occurred early in life |
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| what were erikson's research methods and emphases |
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| his methods combined methods of psychoanalysis and history to explore ego strength of individuals whome which were able to transform and make an impression on an era. Erikson's view of psychotherapy was mostly concerned with strengthening the patients ego to the point where they could deal with the life again. He also did research on anatomical differences |
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personality can be said to develop according to steps determined in the human organism's readiness to be driven toward, to be aware of, and to interact with a widening radius or significant individuals and institutions
made the ego the central part of his theory (father of the ego) |
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| what principle did Erikson use to describe the unfolding of the 8 psychosocial stages according to an innate schedule |
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| when cultural rituals stagnate and are used to defend the ego rather than strengthening it, Erikson called them what? |
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| in each of the stages, a crisis occurs: if it is solved positively then a virtue will occur |
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| where have we heard some of Erikson's virtues before? |
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Church: it's a Christian tradition; some critics suggest that Erikson's stages reflect a white western parochial society and does not apply well to other cultures; the virtues appeal better to men
what ought to be rather than what is |
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| play (anatomy and destiny) |
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| created scenes that were inspired from within; there were significant differences among genders |
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| according to freud, the job of the ego is to... |
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| true of false: erikson believed that all stages of personality are present in rudimentary form at birth |
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| true of false: erikson believed that each stage of personality development does not build on the outcomes of preceding stages |
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| false; the do build on the outcomes |
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| true of false: erikson believed that the stages of personality development follow a genetically determined sequence |
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| the crisis characterizing the 6th stage of development is positively resolved, the virtue of _________ emerges |
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| in order for personality to develop normally each crisis must be resolved positively in the stage of development which the crisis is... |
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| According to Erikson, during the teenage years an individual must either develop an identity or experience role confusion. This important stage is called... |
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| identity v. role confusion |
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| The ritualization characterizing the sixth stage of development (young adulthood) is __________ and the ritualism corresponding to that stage is __________ |
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| the affiliative - elitism |
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| erikson's theory has been criticized for... |
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| being difficult to test empirically, excessive moralizing, and supporting the status quo |
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| According to Weisstein, male-female differences in personality exist because of |
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| Primarily, dream analysis was used by Erikson to... |
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| determine the strength of the dreamer's ego |
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| According to Erikson, it is the __________ of positive and negative experiences that determines if a crisis is resolved positively |
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| concerning ritualizations, Erikson said... |
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| they make possible the harmonious interplay between unfolding personality requirements and existing social and cultural conditions |
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| Erikson said that when the crisis characterizing a psychosocial stage is positively resolved, a __________ emerges in one's personality |
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| The crisis characterizing the third stage of development is |
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| During its __________ phase, a crisis is the focal point of developmen |
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| According to Erikson, the ritualism of __________ is demonstrated when there is over concern with the technique involved in doing a task and a blindness to the task's purpose or meaning |
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| The wedding ceremony exemplifies |
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| What did Caplan conclude about personality differences between males and females? |
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| The epigenetic principle states that |
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| development occurs in accordance with a genetically determined plan |
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| Erikson lost his professorship at the University of California in 1950 because... |
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| he refused to sign a loyalty oath |
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| According to Erikson, __________ are recurring patterns of behavior that perpetuate the beliefs, values, and customs of a culture |
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| he ritualism of __________ represents the victory of the letter of the law over the spirit of the law |
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| If the crisis characterizing the eighth stage of development is resolved positively, the virtue of __________ emerges |
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| The crisis characterizing the fourth stage of development is... |
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| If the crisis characterizing the seventh stage of development is positively resolved, the virtue of __________ emerges |
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| In his therapeutic practice, Erikson... |
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| emphasized dream analysis, emphasized understanding repressed memories, and concentrated on strengthening the patient's ego |
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| During the __________ stage of development, the child learns to walk, climb, push, pull, and talk |
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| Erikson referred to the stages of development as... |
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| The ritualization characterizing the second stage of development (early childhood) is __________, whereas the ritualism that could develop during this stage is _________ |
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| If the crisis characterizing the sixth stage of development is negatively resolved, __________ results |
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| If the crisis characterizing the fifth stage of development is resolved positively, the virtue of __________ emerges |
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| the ritualism of _______ involves the unquestioning commitment to simplistic ideologies |
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| ___________ is the concern of guiding the next generation |
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| in his therapeutic practice, Erikson... |
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| concentrated on strengthening the patient's ego |
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| according to Erikson, personality is determined by |
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| Erikson views a particular culture as... |
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| a set of reinforcement contingencies, a means of inhibiting our animalistic impulses, and one of many possible versions of human existance |
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| According to Erikson, it is __________ that prepare a child to live effectively within a particular culture |
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| The ritualization characterizing the third stage of development (preschool age) is... |
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| If the crisis characterizing the fourth stage of development is NEGATIVELY resolved, the person develops... |
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| According to Erikson, it is the individual's __________ environment that determines if a crisis is resolved positively or negatively |
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