Term
PH development in YA
4 types of stress |
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Definition
types of stress
1. acute stress: sudden onset of demands, tension headaches, emotional distress, gastrointestional issues, feelings of agitation and pressure
2. episodic acute stress: repeated episodes of acute stress, migraines, hypertension, stroke, anxiety, depression, or serious gastrointestional problems
3. traumatic stress: massive instance of acute stress that can have a life long impact
4. chronic stress: ongoing stress, does not end, can result in diabetes, decreased immune function, or cardiovascular disease |
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Term
PH development in YA
Primary and secondary appraisal |
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Definition
series of stages to know whether someone will experience stress
Primary: 1st step, individual assessment of an event to determine if implications are pos. neg. or neutral. if they appraise the event as mostly neg. then apraises it based on past, present, and to see if you can resist it. (if you failed a french test in the past it effects how you feel about the one coming up)
Secondary: person's answer to the question, "can i handle it?", assessment of wheter the coping abilities and resources on hand are adequate, if theyre lacking then they are stressed (a ticket that you can't afford is more stressful than one you can) |
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Term
PH development in YA
hardiness |
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Definition
a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness
-has to do with the success we have when we try to deal with stress - our coping style, those with a "hardy" coping style are especially successful |
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Term
PH development in YA
senescence definition |
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Definition
| natural physical decline associated with aging |
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Term
PH development in YA
coping mechanisms |
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Definition
Problem-focused coping: focus on solving the problem you are facing - directely change the problem to make it less stressful (stressful job? look for a new job)
Emotion-focused coping: focus on responding to the stress you are feeling - consciously managing emotions (try to look at the bright side)
Approach coping: actively engaging with problem
Defensive coping: coping through ignoring the problem - distort or deny the the true nature of the situation. (trivialize a life threatening illness)
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Term
Cog Dev in YA
Postformal thought definition |
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Definition
-adult thinking must be flexible and adaptive in order to cope in a complex, specialized society
-takes into account the relativistic nature of problems and solutions
-flexible thinking that acknowledges world as complex and contradictory
-goes beyond piagets formal operations, issues are not always clear cut, answers must sometimes be negotiated, multiple causes to a situation |
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Term
Cog Dev in YA
Demographics of higher education |
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Definition
mirroring US pop., US college students are mostly white and middle class, nearly 69% of white high schoold graduates enter college, compard to 60% AA grads, and 47% hispanic
-absolute # of minorities has increased, but the proportion of them has decreased, probably due to diminished availablity of fin aid
only 40% of those who start college finish four years later with a degree (about half of those who drop out finish at a later time)
national drop out rate for AA is 70%
Only 3% of adults with degree live below pov line where high school dropouts are 10x more likely to be living in pov
more women (133 degrees) in men (100 degrees) in college
but 166 AA women compared to 100 AA men
26% of those taking college classes are between 25-35 |
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Term
Cog Dev in YA
Schaie stages (acquisition, achievement) |
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Definition
-childhood and adolescence characterized by acquisition of knowledge and skills
-YA is focused on using these skills to achieve long-term goals and meet societal expecations |
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Term
Cog Dev in YA
best predictors of college GPA |
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Definition
conscientiousness, SAT verbal, HS GPA, SAT math, gender,
(maybe extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness) |
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Term
Psy development in YA
emerging adulthood definition |
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Definition
-common in industrialized societies
-end of teenage years - early to mid 20s
-finishing identity achievement
-establishing adult roles
-sorting out options for future, and focusing less of present
-most say yes, yes/no by 18-25 and majority say yes by 26-35 |
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Term
Psy development in YA
social clock theory (definition, on-time, off-time, non-event) |
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Definition
Neugarten
-life events that occur at their socially expected times are less stressful than those occuring at non-normal times because they are better integrated into the social system
on-time (college, drivers liscence, job, marriage, kids)
off-time (serious illness, grad school)
non-event (no job, not moving out, no plan, no kids) |
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Term
Psy development in YA
Work (Holland RIASEC) |
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Definition
realistic (doers - practical, straight forward, persistant, software engineer) - physically strong like farmers and laborers
investigate (thinkers - observant, logical, complex, attentive, systems analyst) - math and science
artistic (creators - creative, original, expressive, warehouse architect) - arts
social (helpers - helpful, undersanding, insightful, administrator) - salespersons, teachers
enterprising (persuaders - sociable, ambitious, agreeable, business leader) - good leaders and politicians
conventional (organizers - organzied, careful, obiedient, analyst) - clerks, secretaries, bank tellers |
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Term
Psy development in YA
Work (Ginzberg's career choice theoryk) |
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Definition
move through stages in choosing a career
1. fantasy period - which lasts until around age 11 (make and discard career choices without regard to skills - rock star)
2. tentative period - spans adolescence, begin to make more practical choices about job requirements
3. realistic period - early adulthood, explore specific careers through actual experience
-critics says its oversimplified |
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Term
Psy development in YA
work (intrinsic and extrinsic) |
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Definition
intrinsic - work for their own enjoyment and personal rewards, motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment for personal rewards
extrinsic - motivation that drives people to obtain tangible rewards such as mone and prestige |
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Term
Psy development in YA
work (person - environment fit) |
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Definition
P-E fit
people tend to flourish in environments that are well studied to them, they like, and they are committed to
if P<E or P>E then high stress, but if P=E then low strain |
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Term
Psy development in YA
Romantic relationships (intimacy vs. isolation) |
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Definition
according to erikson the period of postadolescence into the early 30s that focuses on developing close, intimate relationships with others
those with issues are often lonely, isolated and fearful of relationships |
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Term
Psy development in YA
romantic relationships (sternberg's theory of love) |
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Definition
triangular theory
3 corners : infatuation (passion), liking (intimacy), empty love (commitment)
romantic love (passion, intimacy), companionate (intimacy, commitment), fatuous love (passion, commitment) |
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Term
Psy development in YA
romantic relationships (adult attachment) |
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Definition
avoidance vs. anxiety
high anxiety = tend to worry if their partner is available, responsive, attentive
high avoidance = prefer not to rely on others or open up to others
secure - low in both
fearful - high in both
preoccupied - low avoidance, high anxiety
dismissive - low anxiety, high avoidance |
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Term
Psy development in YA
romantic relationships (filtering potential marriage partners) |
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Definition
| potential field for marriage partners - residential proximity filter - proximate field of marital partners - similarity and complementary filter - homogeneous field of marital partners - interpersonal attractiveness filter - eligible couples attracted to one another - compatibility filter - eligible couples with role fit - MARRIED COUPLES |
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Term
Psy development in YA
romantic relationships (staying single) |
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Definition
20% of women and 30% of men living alone
10% will spend entire life in singlehood
reasons:view marriage negatively, focus on high divorce rates and marital strife, risk is too high, too restrictive, value their personal change and growth, don't meet the right person, value independence,
problems: society stigmatizes single individuals, particularly women, lack of companionship and sexual outlets, may feel futures are less secure financially |
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Term
Phy development in midlife
cancer (leading types) |
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Definition
| lung and bronchus, prostate, brest, colon and rectum, pancreas |
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Term
Phy development in midlife
heart disease (definition, risk factors, Type A personality, effect of stress) |
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Definition
the arteries bring blood and oxygen to your heart but fatty material and other substances form a plaque build up on the walls of your coranary arteries which causes them to narrow, so blood flow to the heart stops or slows down
risk factos: age, gender, genes, race
Type A: traditional workaholic, linked to heart disease in 1950s, doing many things at once, urging others to hurry, gets very irritated, gestures a lot, speaking explosivly and using obsenitites, playing to win, impatient
effect of stress:
Direct physicological effects:elevated BP,decrease in immune system,increased hormonal activitey
Harmful Behaviors: increased use of drugs, drinking, nictoine, decreased nutrtion and sleep
Indirect health related behavior: decreased compliance with med advice, increase in delays of seeking med help, decrease in the likely hood of seeking med help |
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Term
Phy development in midlife
Osteoporosis (symptoms, risk factors) |
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Definition
•Symptoms:
–Bone pain or tenderness
–Fractures with little or no trauma
–Loss of height (as much as 6 inches) over time
–Low back pain due to fractures of the spinal bones
–Neck pain due to fractures of the spinal bones
–Stooped posture or kyphosis, also called a "dowager's hump"
risks: small thin frame, caucasion or asian, postmenapausal, family history, low in calcium, smoke, physically inactive, drink alcohol in excess
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Term
Phy development in midlife
menopause (definition, symptoms) |
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Definition
•Cessation of menstruation triggered by lower levels of estrogen and progesterone
•Typically around 47/48
•Gradual decline in frequency and regularity of menstruation over a 2 year period
•Considered complete when it has been 1 year since last period
symptoms: headaches, back aches, hair loss, hot flashes, breasts droop, vaginal dryness and itching, teeth loosen
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Term
phy development in midlife
prostate enlargement definition |
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Definition
Continued growth of prostate with aging
•Can cause problems with sexual function and urination as prostate presses on urethra
•Linked to decreases in testosterone and increases in estrogen
•Does not occur in castrated males |
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Term
phy development in midlife
erectile dysfunction causes |
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Definition
–Physical: Damage to nerves, arteries, smooth muscles, is the most common cause of ED. Diseases-such as diabetes, high blood pressure, nerve disease or nerve damage, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, and heart disease-account for the majority of ED cases.
–Lifestyle: Smoking, drinking alcohol excessively, being overweight, and not exercising
–Medication: Side effect of many common medicines such as blood pressure drugs, antihistamines, antidepressants, tranquilizers, appetite suppressants, and ulcer drugs
–Psychological: Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, guilt, depression, low self-esteem, and fear of sexual failure |
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Term
phy development in midlife
preventive health care in midlife |
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Definition
women: breast exam, mammogram, pap smear, pelvic exam
men: prostate specific antigen, testicular exam
Everyone
Blood pressure
•Cholesterol
•Eye exam
•Colonoscopy
•Rectal exam
•Urinalysis
•Tetanus booster
•Flu vaccine
•Pneumococcal
•Regular dental cleaning
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Term
Cog Development in Midlife
cog changes (be able to draw pic and describe what happens to cognitions) |
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Definition
•Slowing reaction time
•Slowing processing speed
•Slowing working memory
•Slowing long-term memory
crystalized goes up and fluid goes down
intelligence peaks at 18 and stays steady until mid 20s then gradually decreases til you die
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Term
cog development in midlife
use it or lose it (physical) |
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Definition
advantages:
muscle system: slower enegry decline in enegery molocules, muscles thickness, muclse mass
Nervos system: slower decline in processing impuslses, slower increase in varations in speed of motor neuron impulses
Circulatory system: decreased risk of high BP,heart attack, stroke
Skeletal system: slower decline in bone minirals, decreased risk of fractures
Psychological benifits: educes stress, feeling of weel-being, enchanced mood |
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Term
cog development in midlife
use it or lose it (cognitive) |
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Definition
•Schaie’s stages:
–Early midlife: responsible stage – concerns with caring for family and career
–Late midlife: executive stage – nourishing and sustaining social institutions
•Keeping mind active can promote better cognitive function or at least delay declines (more later) |
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Term
cog development in midlife
selection, optimization, compensation definition
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Definition
| the process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas |
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Term
cog development in midlife
attribution errors in cognition (metacogniton) |
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Definition
| “Because of societal stereotypes…people may attribute their absentmindedness to aging, even though they have been that way all their lives. It is the meaning they give to their forgetfulness that changes, rather than their actual ability to remember.” |
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Term
psy development in midlife
generativity vs. stagnation (definitions, types of generativity) |
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Definition
stagnation: becoming self-preoccupied, defensive, and self-protective seeing the next generation as a threat and trying to maintain dominance
generativity: gaining satisfaction in helping the new generation to face the world and assume responsibility
different types:
•Biological: having children
•Parental: caring for children
•Technical: teaching skills and passing knowledge on to others
Cultural: leaving a legacy for the larger world through creation of something useful or meaningful |
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Term
psy development in midlife
big five personality trait (definitions, realtion to temperment, developmental patterns of stability and change) |
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Definition
openness:persons lvl of curosity and intrest in new experinces
Conscientiousness: persons tendenices to be organized and responsible
Extraversion: how out going or shy a person is
Agreeableness: how easy going and helpful a person tends to be
Neuroticism: degres to which a person is moody, anxious, and self critical
Surgency: high activety, rapid approch stlye, expression of positive affect big 5 parallel: high extroversism
Negative Affectivity: inability to be quieted after high arousal, tendencies towards sadness, irritability and frustration, and fear, Big 5 parallel: high neuroticis and low agreeableness
effortful control: easily soothed, cuddly, good attention span, happiness in low intensity situations,ability to control behavior, big 5: high consciousness and agreeableness
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Term
Psy development in midlife
subjective well-being (def, contribution factors) |
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Definition
the extent to which people think and feel that their life is going well
age, sex, martial status, income, education, religion, health |
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Term
psy development in midlife
marriage (characteristics of good and struggling marriages) |
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Definition
good: seeing their spuce as their "bestfriend"
view marriage as a long term commitment
beileve that their spuce as grown to be more interesting over the years
sex lives are satisfying
bad: ppl are more indivdaul spending less time together, many are concered about their own personal happiness, divorce is more soically acceptabel, feelings of love will start to decrease over time |
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Term
psy development in midlife
factors contrbuting to job satisfaction |
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Definition
younger adults: oppurtnituy to advance or recognion and approval
Middle-aged: pay, working condtions, specific polices
Older: overall job satisfaction |
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Term
phy development in OA
primary and secondary aging |
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Definition
primary: aging that involves universal and irreversible changes that, dueto genetic programming, occur as people get older
secondary: changes in physical and cognitive functioning that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but are not due to increased age itself and are not inevitable |
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Term
phy development in OA
chronological age vs. functional age (general definitions and specific definitions within 3 categories of old age; new cenus data suggesting oldest old=90+) |
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Definition
chronological: actual years lived
young old: 65-74
old old: 75-84
oldest old: 85+
functional age:
takes into account physical and psychological well-being
young old: healthy and active
old old: some health problems and problems with daily living
oldest old: frail and need extensive care
90+ is growing rapidly
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Term
phy development in OA
signs of aging (external and internal) |
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Definition
internal
•Peripheral slowing: peripheral nervous system becomes less efficient
•Generalized slowing: entire nervous system becomes less efficient
external:
hair and wrinkles
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Term
phy development in OA
ageism definiton |
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Definition
| prejudice and discrimination directed at older people |
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Term
phy development in OA
arthritis (types, symptoms, preventions)
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Definition
•Joint inflammation from autoimmune dysfunction, broken bones, physical stress, wear and tear, infection
•Symptoms include pain, swelling, inability to move, stiffness, warmth
•Osteoarthritis: general degenerative arthritis
•Rheumatoid arthritis: arthritis based in autoimmune dysfunction
•Gout: arthritis from build up of uric acid
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Term
phy development in OA
stroke (types, symptoms, preventions) |
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Definition
•Stop smoking
•Drink in moderation
•Lower cholesterol
loss of blood flow and oxygen to the brain
symptoms: F.A.S.T
F-ace= does face look uneven
A-rm= does one arm drift down
S-peech= slurred speech sounds strange
T-ime= call 911 time matters!
•Ischemic stroke: arteries blocked by blood clots or plaque deposits (87% of all strokes)
•Hemorrhagic stroke: blood vessel breaks and leaks blood into brain (13% of strokes, 30% of stroke deaths)
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Term
phy development in OA
dementia (types, symptoms, preventions) |
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Definition
•Loss of brain function as a result of disease
•Impact on memory, thinking, language, judgment, behavior
alzheimers:
most common demtia
•Early symptoms: difficulty remembering names and recent events often with apathy and depression
•Later symptoms: impaired judgment, disorientation, confusion, behavior changes and difficulty speaking, swallowing and walking
vascual dementia: cognitive impairment linked to stroke
lewy body dementia: dementia associated with abnormal deposits of alpha-synuclein protein inside neurons (often occurs with Parkinson’s)
frontaltemporal dementia: dementia directly impact frontal and temporal regions of the brain resulting in change in personality, behavior, and language impairments
symptoms of dementia:
•Memory loss that disrupts daily life
•Challenges in planning or solving problems
•Confusion with time or place
dementia prevention
•Early detection
•Compensation strategies
•Improve quality of life
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Term
cog development in OA
cog changes (be able to draw and describe what happens to cognition)
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Definition
speed of processing, working memory, long term memory all decrease ( fluid mem)
wolrd memory is maintaied or increses ( crystalized mem) |
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Term
cog development in OA
3 types of structural brain changes |
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Definition
| reduce volume, changes in white mater, cortical thinning |
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Term
cog development in OA
functional brain changes (dedifferentiation, bilateral frontal recritment) |
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Definition
bilateral frontal recruitment
more frontal bilateral activity in older adults during a verbal working memory task (left) and in older adults with higher performance in a long-term memory task (right)
dedifferentiaiton:certain neural regions show decreased specificity in older adulthood |
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Term
cog development in OA
health cognitive aging (predicting factors, cognitive reserve, use it or lose it) |
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Definition
•predicting values
Health
•Socioeconomic status
•Intellectual engagement
•Openness to experience
•Intelligent spouse
•High processing speed
•Satisfaction with life
cognitive reserve
•Having higher levels of cognitive function to begin with
•Using compensation strategies
•More efficient neural networks either from use or biological factors
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Term
cog development in OA
cognitive training (scaffolding definition and tasks, example training) |
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Definition
compensatory reorganization of the brain in response to cognitive aging
•Active rather than passive learning
•Something you care about
•Something that can continue to challenge you
juggling, part of their brain that had to do with juggling increased but then 3 months later without juggling it reversed
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Term
cog development in OA
Shaie's reintegrative stage |
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Definition
| focus on tasks that have personal meaning and interest |
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Term
psy development in OA
successful aging (erikson integrity vs. despair, neugarten's successful negation of aging, wisdom, ego development, theories of successful aging) |
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Definition
integrity: fulfilled potential, few regrets, satisfaction with how life was lived
despair: missed opportunities, failure, depression
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Term
psy development in OA
successful aging (wisdom) |
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Definition
wisdom (factual knowledge): expert knowledge in the pragmatics of life
wisdom (lifespan contextualism) :awareness of finitude of life and the role of culture in shaping people’s lives and personalities
wisdom (value relativism) : greater appreciation for individual differences in values, life experiences, and beliefs
wisdom (tolerance of ambiguity): knowledge which considers the ambiguities of life
wisdom (procedural knowledge); rich base of knowledge |
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Term
psy development in OA
Neugarten's successful negation of aging |
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Definition
Neugarten's: defended(unrealistic expectations)- high aviodance/low anexity
intergrated ( sucessful againg)- low anexity/ low aviodance
Disintergrated (denial and despair)- high aviodance/ high anexnity
Passive-dependant (fearful)- high anexity/ low avdiodance |
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Term
psy development in OA
ego development |
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Definition
( I Sex Cool, Crazy, Cock, In All Interiors)
Impulsive: "im a good girl"
self-protected: "easy hurt, ugly, nosy"
conformist: "a student"
consciencious/conformist: "content most of the time
concsciencious: "lucky, bc i love life"
Indvidualistic: "rather complex person"
Autonomous: "a woman living and creating life"
Intergated:Aware of human frailty and weakness, yet I believe that man can, through his own efforts, improve his lot. |
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Term
psy development in OA
theories of successful aging
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Definition
•Activity theory: stay engaged to maximize successful aging
•Continuity theory: maintain desired levels of engagement to maximize successful aging
•Selective optimization: stay engaged in things you are good at and learn to compensate for weaknesses |
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Term
psy development in OA
socioemotional selectivity thoery (definition, importance of family or origjin and children in old age) |
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Definition
•Laura Carstensen
•Become more selective and focused on emotional meaning as “time horizons” shrink
•Commonly associated with aging but any ending can cause socioemotionalselectivity patterns
•Siblings, children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren provide an important source of comfort to adults in last years of their lives
–Siblings are important because of shared life
–Children often most important
young adults: make relationships with new people easily, focused on achievement motivatioin, future-oriented goals
older adults: prefers to maintain connections with long term friends, focused on affiliation, present oriented goals
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Term
psy development in OA
activities of daily living (instrumental, personal, caregiving) |
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Definition
shopping,cooking, transportation, meds, $
bathing, dressing, grooming, feeding, toliet use
alzhimers, dementia peopel |
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Term
Death and Dying
changes that precede death (terminal decline and physical changes)
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Definition
terminal : rapid declines in cognitive function preceding death
physical: •Anorexia-cachexia syndrome: loss of appetite (anorexia) and muscle mass (cachexia) that often precedes death - especially in cancer patients
•Nausea
•Difficulty swallowing
•Bowel problems
•Dry mouth
•Fluid retention |
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Term
Death and Dying
Kubler-Ross' stages of dealing with death (and pros and cons)
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Definition
given to a terminal diagnosis -> how you respond, has been adapted to a variety of negative events, on any side of the problem
(Dick and Butt Deep Action)
denial: shock
anger: emotion
Bargaining : what can you do to change it
depression:
acceotance: increased self reliance
pros: •One of first people to observe systematically how people approach their own deaths
•Increased public awareness and affected practices and policies related to dying
cons: •Largely limited to those who are aware that they are dying
•Stage-like increments questioned
•Anxiety levels not included
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Term
Death and Dying
role of humor in facing death |
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Definition
use humor to keep death at a distance, lighten situation, sense of control
Defense mechanism
•Deflect pain of death or grief
•Coping mechanism
•Sense of control over death and grief
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Term
Death and Dying
bereavement definition |
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Definition
the process during which an individual attempts to overcome the death of another person
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