the brain, nervous system, muscles, sensory capabilities, and need for food drink and sleep

ex. long term results of premature birth

ex. effects of malnutrition on pace of growth

ex. change in athlete preformance with aging

seeking to understand how growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior

learning, memory, problem solving, and intelligence

ex. intellectual consequence of watching tv

ex. how does creativity relate to intelligence

ex. benefits of bilingualism

ex. are traumatic experiences remembered later in life?

-stability and change in characteristics that differentiate one person from another over a lifespan

-the way in which peoples interactions and relationships with others grow, change, and remainstable over the course of a life

ex. are there stable enduring personality traits throughout the life span

ex. examine the racism of poverty or divorce on development

ex. best procedure for disciplining children

ex. emotions in confronting death

ex. choice of romantic problem

prenatal: conception to birth

infancy/toddlerhood: 1-3 years

preschool: 3-6 years

middle childhood: 6-12 years

adolescence: 12-20 years

young adulthood: 20-40 years

midlife: 40-60 years

old age: 60-death

PIPMAYMO

change vs. stability

growth: encompasses patterens of change and stability

change: deals with mean-level differences over time

stability: deals with rank-order similarities over time

-not mutually exclusive

ex. height changes, but is stable for most people over time

CONTINUOUS - development is gradual

achievements build on previous skills

quantitative change

process is the same throughout the lifespan

degree of change rather than stages of change

DISCONTINUOUS - development occurs in distinct stages

each stage is drastically different from the previous one

ex. role attainment - mother, divorcee, retired, parent, student

CRITICAL - time during development when the presence or absense of an event is necessary for normal development

ex. FAS, ruebella in pregnancy

-can use later experiences to overcome earlier experiences

-most common in physiological

highest chance to learn new language before age 5

first two weeks after conception - very susceptible to environmental factors

SENSITIVE - time during development when the presence or absense of an event is very important for normal development, but later experience can negate effects

-most common in psychosocial

infant-mother attachment

abusive families can form abusive children- but not always with good social supports

poor nutrition in early development

LIFESPAN - examining the ebb and flow of changes in development across the entire lifesapn or at least a broad age range

effect of different ages of mothers on a given area of intrest

PERIODS - examines the nuances of a process within a narrow age range

physical abilities  like reaction time improve until early and middle adulthood, and then start to decline

NATURE - predertimned by genetic endowment

NURTURE - shaped by environment experiences

Gene X environment interactions

certain genes need the environmental opportunity to be expressed

pot triggers schizo

Psychodynamic

Freud - psychoanalytic and Erikson - psychodynamic 

-behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control

freud - not validated by research, small sample size and it was upper middle class austrians, doesnt apply to other cultures, sexist b/c mostly on males, devalue women

Erikson - focuses more on men, vague, difficult to test, cant make definitive prediction

John B. Watson - major theorist

Classical - Pavlovs dog

Operant - pos. or neg. reinforcement to get desired behavior

Pavlov and Skinner

Social-Cognitve Learning - learn through observation, goes beyond the stimulus-response of classical and operant to consider internal drives

albert bandura with bobo doll

Cognitive

information processing

focus on processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world

Piaget - assimilation and accommodation

like a computer - take in info, store, and use again

able to recall more info as we age

how people relate to their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds

Bronfenbrenner - bioecological approach cirle with me in middle, then as circles go out larger systems of people, family, work, religious, govenment, beliefs and values, time

Vygotsky - sociocultural theory - culture shapes cognitive development - key idea is reciprocal transactions between people and their environment

collectivism - community come first eastern cultures

individualism - self focused, autonomous attitude western cultures

Humanistic

Maslows Hierarchy

must satisfy basic needs before you can move on

physiological (food)- safety (shelter)  - love/belonging (friendship, family)- esteem (confidence)- self actualization (creativity, morality)

ethology - how our biological makeup influences our behavior

MRI

or fMRI

looks at blood flow in response to a stimuli

can also be used to look at brain structure white matter vs. gray matter

gamma rays to look at structures

when combined with radioactive isotopes looks at activity during specific tasks

give isotope, do task, do the scan

compare people of different ages at one point in time

morals of college students, instead of following same kids take a group of freshman, sophomore, juniors, and seniors

pros: fast, no long term attrition problems

cons: sig cohort effects, low generalizabilty

measure change over time in given cohort

how do they change/remain the same over time

pros: address causality to some degree

cons: time, attrition, practice effects

combo of both

take freshman, sophomores, juniors, and seniors and measure all for four years

pro: big steps towards causal claims

cons: time, attrition, practice effects

who participates

short term drop out

long term attrition

findings impacted by event at a given point of time

sept 11th

effects people at a given age

puberty

rod-shaped portions of DNA and protein structures that are organized in 23 pairs

sex cells - ovum and sperm only get half

discrete units of DNA strands that convey inheritable characteristics

-approx 25,000 genes

99.9% of genes are shared by all humans

females are XX

males are XY

simple genetic expressions

1genotype

2phenotype

3allele

4homozygous

5heterozygous

6dominant trait

7recessive trait

1.actual genetic info

2. observable expression of the genotype

3. one of two or more forms of a gene

4. two identical alleles in same cell

5.two diff alleles in same cell

6. trait expressed when cell is hererozygous

7. trait not expressed when gene is heterozygous

combo of multiple gene pairs produce a given characteristic

blood type

reproductive cells

formed during meiosis

females - approx 400,000 ovum at birth

mature at puberty

23rd chromosome is an X

males - in testes, production begins a few years after puberty, produces hundred million every day, 23rd chromosome can be either X or Y

formed when ovum and sperm join during fertilization, about 2 weeks after menstruation

mitosis: replication of cells - all cells contain same 46 chromosomes as the zygote

3.2% of births in US

monozygotic- identical, one zygote divides into two within first two weeks

dizygotic - fraternal, two sperm cells fertilize two ovums at same time

triplets or more can be any combo

Germinal stage - fertilization to 2 weeks

day 1: 1 cell

day 4: 32 cells

day 7: 100-150 cells

cell specialization and placental and umbilical cord

embryonic stage - 2-8 weeks

2-8 weeks after fertilization

develop major organs-ectoderm(skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, brain, spinal cord)

endoderm (liver, pancreas, respritory system)

mesoderm (muscles, bones, blood, circulatory system)

week 5- nervous system

fetal stage - 8 weeks to birth

8-11 weeks heart and blood vessels, head and brain rapid development, eyes visible, organs differentiate, half to three quarters inches, 1-2 grams

12-15 weeks differentiation of limbs, hormones drive sexual differentiation of genitals, 3-4 inches, 1 oz

16-19 weeks quickening, bones forms, weight gain, poop, 5-6 inches, 5-8 oz.

20-23 weeks hair develops, hearing begins, possible viability at 22 weeks, 7-8 inches, three quarters to 1 pound

24-27 weeks immune development, early reflexes, lung development, 9-20 inches, 1.5 - 2.25 pounds

28-31 eyes open, activity increases, hiccups, fat and bones develoop, 11 inches, 3-3.5 lbs

32-35 weeks growth and development, REM sleep, 13 inches, 5-6 lbs

36-40 weeks growth and development, dropping for birth, 19-21 inches, 7-8 lbs, 40 weeks officialy full term but after 37 is considered full term

environmental factors that produce abnormalities during development at birth

diet, age, physical health, maternal disease, psychological health and stress, drug use, environmental factors

syphilis - can cause death in 40%, born with sores, runny nose, swollen liver, pneumonia, blindness, brain problems,

majiuana - higher risk of premmy and low birth weight, developmental delay, babies seem to go through withdrawl systoms, excessive trembling and crying

inherited disorders that occur due to mutation in genes either spontaneously or in reaction to environment

extra chromosome in 21st pair

most common chromosomal condition

1/500

U-shape function with age

linked to heart defects, respritory and hearing problems, alzheimers, childhood leukemia, thyroid problems

low muscle tone, upward slant eyes, deep cease in palm

life expectancy from 25 to 60 today

males are infertile, females are lower infertility

50% inheritance from mothers with DS

variety of outcomes linked to X chromosome

most common is learning dissabilities

1/3600 males, 1/4000-6000 females

most common cause of autism

big ears, long face, prominent chin, large testicles

milder in females

common among sub-saharan, africia, spanish speaking, saudi arabia, india, and mediterranean

hemoglobin S instead of A

poor apetite, stunted growth, jaundice, pain

common in jews, french canadians, louisianan cajuns

missing enzyme results in cell damage

3 forms depending on when you get it

-infants - slow development at 6 months

juvinile - 2-5

late - in childhood

no known cure

corticotripin - protein generated shortly before labor to start labor

oxytocin - responsible for uterine contractions onset of lactation

relaxin - hormore produced by ovaries that causes ligament and cartilage softening allows pelvis to spread

adrenalin and noradrenalin- stess hormones that can prolong labor or result in cessation of labor

cervix dialates and thins, baby moves into birth canal,

2 phases - inital (latent or early labor- cervix dialates, blood out vagina, moderate contractions 30-90 seconds every 8-10 minutes, can last hours to days, say relaxed, eat, move) and active (cervix dialtes to 10 cm, stronger longer contractions, many hours, pressure increases)

16-24 hours

typical -

-occiput anterior - facing downward

-occiput posterior  - facing upwards

atypical

-frankbreech-  knees up

complete breech - knees crossed

transverse lie - sideways back towards us

reasons - fetal distress, position, choice

- can cause respritory problems, important stress hormones are not released

-maternal risks- longer recovery, possible dissatisfaction with experience, implications for future

health scale developed to assess neonatal health, 1-5 minutes after birth, and again at 10, 10 point scale with 7-10 normal

activity - muscle tons, move limbs, if not good related to low oxygen, trauma, pain meds during labor

pulse - normal heart rate 120-160 bpm

grimace - tube inserted through nostril into throat should cause grimace and coughing crying

appearance - blue lips, hands, feet, general blue or gray can indicate hear or lung problems, airway blockage, inhalation of amniotic fluid

respirtaiton- irregular breating, similar causes as low activity

born dead or dies in uetero

risk factors - maternal age, obesity, multiple gestations, race and ethnicity, poor prenatal care, teratogens, previous stillbirth

before 38 weeks

11% of births

more common in twins

vision - relatively poor, look for high contrasts, light, size, color

hearing - not perfect but very well developed

smell - respond to interesting smells and relatively well developed, may recognize maternal smell

taste - well developed, like sweet flavors, adaptive for breastfeeding

touch - very attuned to reflexive responses

startle- emerge 8 to 9 weeks, extinguish 16 weeks

palmar grasp - emerge 11 weeks, extinguish 2 to 3 months

babinski - scratch foot emerge 18 weeks, extinguish 6 months

tonic neck - make fist and turn head to right emerge 18 weeks, extinguish 6 months

moro - birth through 4 to 5 months

stepping - walks when held up - birth through 3 to 4 months

rooting - turn towards cheek stroke birth to 6-12 months

swimming - atttempt to swim when in water - birth to 4 to 6 months

typically respond to principles to classical and operant conditioning

habituation - decrease response to repeated stimuli

orientating response - interest in novel stimuli

100-200 billion neurons present at birth

development mainly about dendritic branching to establish synaptic connections

responsive to environmental influences

auditory development is pretty well developed at birth

refinement over time in sound localization as head size increases and infants can begin to use external cues to determine the placement of stimuli

highly developed at birth as evident in many innate reflexes

very important to early exploration of environment

explores with hands and mouth

rolls both ways

sits with and without support on hands

supports whole weight on legs

reaches with one hand

transfers objects from one hand to another

uses hand to rake objects

develops full color vision

distance vision matures

ability to track moving objects improves

50 calories per pound

self regulate calories

breastfeeding - easier to digest, doesnt need to be prepared, always available, has all nutrients, recommended for first 12 months

burn calories, delay period, provide contraception, reduce ovarian cancer, keeps bones strong, return uterus to normal

solids at 6 months, avoid allergens

birth defects, low birth weights, sids, complications, accidents, distress, bacteria, hemorrhage