Term
| What is developmental psychology? What are its three main issues? |
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Definition
1. Nature/nurture
2. Continuity/stages
3. Stability/change
Devleopmental psychology is a branch of psych that studies physical, cognitive, and social chagne throughout the life span |
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Term
| Prenatal development: what is a zygote? |
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Definition
| the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell divison and develops into an embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month |
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Term
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Definition
| the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth |
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Term
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Definition
| teratogens are agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
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Term
| What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? |
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Definition
| physical and cognitive abnormalitities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticable facial misproportions |
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Term
| Senses in infancy- what can newborns see? |
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Definition
| Loook at ojbects 8 to 12 inches away |
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Term
| what do they prefer to look at? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do infants prefer to hear? Smell? Taste? |
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Definition
| turn our heads in the direction of human voices. |
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Term
| How do we test what infants prefer? |
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Definition
| novelty prefernce procedure |
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Term
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Definition
| decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. AS infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner |
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Term
| What is infantile amnesia? |
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Definition
| our earliest memories seldom predate our third birthday |
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Term
| Piaget’s theory of cognitive development |
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Definition
Birth-2years = sensorimotor - experiencing the world through senses and actions
2-6/7years= preoperational - representing things iwth words and images, using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
7to11years = concrete operational - thinking logically about concrete events.
12through adulthood = formal operational - abstract reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
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Term
| What are assimilation and accommodation? |
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Definition
assimilation - interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
accommodation - adatping our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information |
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Term
| What are the four stages Piaget proposed? ? what is thinking like in each stage? Review Table 5.1 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is object permanence? |
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Definition
| the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
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Term
| Piaget thought object permanence developed around 8 months. What has recent research shown about when object permanence develops? P. 182, see Figure 5.13 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is conservation? How is often tested (Figure 5.14)? |
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Definition
| the princple (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
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Term
| What is egocentrism and how can we see it in children in the preoperational stage? |
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Definition
| in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view |
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Term
| What is a theory of mind? |
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Definition
| people's ideas about their own and other's mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict |
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Term
| Why do preschoolers often talk to themselves (p. 185)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do children in the concrete and formal operational period differ? |
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Definition
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Term
| How has thinking about cognitive development changed in more recent years (p. 186-187)? |
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Definition
| development is more continuous than piaget's theory. Thehy see formal ogic as a smaller part of cognition than he did. |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient ccommmunication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind |
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Term
| How do people with autism have an impaired theory of mind? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does biology influence autism (genes, mirror neurons)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is stranger anxiety? |
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Definition
| the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the cargiver and showing distress on separation |
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Term
| How did Harlows’ study with monkeys and the demonstrate the importance of comfort? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a critical period? |
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Definition
| an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
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Term
| What is a secure attachment? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| according to Erik Erikson, a sense that hte world is predictable and trsutworth; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers |
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Term
| What factors influence attachment? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| our understanding and evaluation of who we are |
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Term
| How do we test for a self-concept? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age do humans seem to show a self-concept? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name and describe the three parenting styles. |
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Definition
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative |
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Term
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Definition
| the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence |
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Term
| Describe the physical changes in puberty including knowing the following: primary and secondary sex characteristics and menarche. |
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Definition
Primary sex characteristics - the body structures (privates) that make sexual reporduction possible
Secondary characteristics - non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
menarche - the first menstrual period |
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Term
| What part of the brain responsible for planning and judgment is not fully developed in adolescents? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kohlberg’s theory of moral development: What are the three stages and how do people reason morally in each stage? |
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Definition
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional |
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Term
| What does the social intuitionist account of morality propose (p. 201)? |
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Definition
| moral feelings precede moral reasoning |
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Term
| Review Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development in Table 5.2. What stage occurs in adolescence? |
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Definition
| Infancy, Toddlerhood, Preschool, Elementary school, Adolescence, young adulthood, MiddleAdulthood, late adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| our sense of self; according to Erikson |
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Term
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Definition
| the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am i?" that comes from our group memberships |
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Term
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Definition
| In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood |
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Term
| Explain how the importance of peer and parent relationships change in adolescence. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is emerging adulthood? |
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Definition
| For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, briding the gap between adolsecent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood |
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Term
| Review the physical changes in middle adulthood. Specifically what is menopause? |
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Definition
| The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines |
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Term
| Review the True/False questions on page 208. What is our life expectancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do vision, hearing, smell and reaction time change with age? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Alzheimer’s disease and what do we know about what is happening in the brain for those with this disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a recall and a recognition test of memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do older adults perform on these tests compared to younger adults? Figure 5.31 |
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Definition
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Term
| Be familiar with the two research designs in developmental psychology- longitudinal and cross-sectional designs (p. 214). |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence? How do they change with age? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is terminal decline? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a social clock? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is there evidence for a mid-life crisis? See Figure 5.34. |
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Definition
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Term
| An empty nest syndrome (p. 219)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the impact of cohabitation before marriage on divorce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is marriage related to happiness? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a predictor marital success? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does life satisfaction change in old age? Figure 5.35 |
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Definition
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