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Definition
| our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language) |
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Definition
| the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
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Term
| Which track (conscious or unconscious) processes information in parallel? |
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Definition
| Unconscious information processing occurs simultaneously on multiple parallel tracks |
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| Which track processes information serially? P. 88-89 |
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Definition
| Serial Conscious processing |
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Definition
| The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
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| failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
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Definition
| Failing to notice changes in the environment |
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Definition
| the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle |
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| How does light affect the circadian clock? |
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Definition
| Bright light in the morning tweaks the circadian clock by activating light-sensitive retinal proteins. These proteins control the circadian clock by triggering signals to the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which is a par of grain of rice sized, 20000 cell clusters in the hypothalamus. The SCN does its job by causing the brain's pineal gland to decrease its production of melatonin in the morning or increase it in the evening. |
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| What hormone induces sleep? |
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Definition
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| How can people adjust to jet lag and shifts change more easily? |
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Definition
| Seeking bright light - spending the next day outdoors. |
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Definition
| Sleep researchers measure brain-wave activity. eye movements, and muscle tension by electrodes that pick up weak electrical signals from the brain, eye, and facial muscles |
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| Review the answers to the True/False questions about sleep on p. 92 |
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Definition
ALL THE FOLLOWING ARE FALSE:
1. When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream.
2. Older adults sleep more than young adults
3. Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams
4. Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill.
5. Some people dream every night; others seldom dream |
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| Be familiar with the different stages of sleep- what brain waves are present in each stage? |
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Definition
Awake, relaxed - ALPHA WAVES
Stage 1 - hallucinations
Stage 2 - sleep spindles
Stage 3 - start of delta waves, transition. 30 minutes
Stage 4 - delta waves. 30 minutes
REM sleep - rapid eye movement |
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| What is a hypnagogic sensation and in what stage does it occur? |
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Definition
| Stage 1. When you feel like you are weightless or floating into space |
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Term
| What stages are deep sleep? |
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Definition
| Stage 3 and 4 are deep sleep |
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Term
| When does sleepwalking usually occur? |
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Definition
| End of the deep sleep of stage 4 that children may wet the bed or begin sleepwalking. |
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Term
| Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep? |
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Definition
| because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. |
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Term
| How long does a sleep cycle last? |
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Definition
| It repeats itself about every 90 minutes. |
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| How many do people have per night? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the sleep cycle change over the course of the night? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is sleep deprivation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the consequences of sleep deprivation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Be familiar with the Coren study. Figure 3.13 |
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Definition
| On the monday after the spring time change, when people lose one hour of sleep, accidents increased as compared with the Monday before. In the fall, traffic accidents normallly increase because of greater snow, ice, and darkness, but they diminished after the time change |
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Term
| What are the some of the theories of why we sleep? |
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Definition
Five reasons
1. Sleep protects.
2. Sleep helps us recuperate
3. Sleep is for making memories
4. Sleep also feeds creative thinking
5. Sleep may play a role in the growth process |
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Term
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Definition
| Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
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Definition
| A sleep disorder characterize by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterize by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
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Definition
| a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughst passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinutites, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) |
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Term
| Can we incorporate external stimuli into a dream (see Dement and Wolpert 1958 study on p. 104)? |
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Definition
| A particular odor or the telephone ringing may be instantly and ingeniously woven into the dream story. |
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Term
| Can we learn while sleeping? |
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Definition
| We can learn to associate a sound with a mild electric shock (and to react to the sound accordingly), but we do not remember recorded information played while we are soundly asleep. |
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Term
| There are several theories of why we dream. What is Freud’s wish fulfillment theory? |
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Definition
| A dream's manifest(apparent) content is a censored, symbolic version of its latent content, which consists of unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the manifest and latent content of a dream? |
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Definition
| Manifest content is the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden content). Latent content is the underlying meaning of a dream |
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Term
| What is the information processing theory of why we dream? |
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Definition
| researchers believe that dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the day's experiences in our memory. |
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Term
| What is the physiological explanation for why we dream? |
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Definition
| To develop and preserve neural pathways. |
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Term
| What is the activation synthesis theory of dreaming? Review Table 3.2 |
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Definition
| To make sense of neural static. This neural activity is random, and dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) |
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Term
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Definition
| a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggest to another (the subject) that certain feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. |
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Term
| What are some of the characteristics of people who are highly hypnotizable? |
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Definition
| Highly hypnotizable people are those who easily become deeply absorbed in imaginative activities |
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Term
| Can hypnosis enhance recall of memories? |
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Definition
| It can help but American and british courts generally ban testimony from witnesses who have been hypnotize |
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Term
| Can hypnosis induce people to act against their will? |
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Definition
| An authoratative person in a legitimate context can induce people - hypnotized or not - to perform some unlikely acts. |
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Term
| Can hypnosis be therapeutic? |
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Definition
| Post hypnotic suggestions have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders. |
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Term
| What is a post hypnotic suggestion? |
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Definition
| a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
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Term
| What is social influence theory? |
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Definition
| the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the cold |
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Term
| What is dissociation (divided consciousness theory)? |
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Definition
| disociation - a split in consciosuness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
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Term
| What does each say about if hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are psychoactive drugs? |
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Definition
| A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
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Term
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Definition
| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
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Term
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Definition
| a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
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Term
| Psychological dependence? |
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Definition
| a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
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Term
| Review the myths about addiction p. 113-114. |
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Definition
1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt; for example, morphine taken to control pain is powerfully addictive and often leads t oheroin abuse
2. Addictions cannot be overcome voluntarily; therapy is required
3. We can extend the concept of addiction to cover not just drug dependencies, but a whole spectrum of repetitive, pleasure-seeking behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs (such as alcohol, barbituates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
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Term
| Review the numerous effects alcohol can have p. 115-116 |
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Definition
1. Disinhibition
2. Slowed Neural Processing
3. Memory Disruption
4. Reduced Self-awareness and self-control
5. Expectancy effects
6. Alcohol and sex = the perfect storm |
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Term
| What stage of sleep does alcohol suppress? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Abrams and Wilson (1983) find happens when people are given a nonalcoholic drink that they think is alcoholic (p. 116)? |
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Definition
| In each group half thought they were drinking alcohol and half thought they were not |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that depress teh activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
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Term
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Definition
| opium and its derivatives, sucha s morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and assocaited energy and mood changes |
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Term
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Definition
| a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
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Term
| What neurostransmitter does methamphetamine increase? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age do people usually start smokiing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the physiological effects of nicotine P. 119; Figure 3.20? |
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Definition
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| How does cocaine have an effect Figure 3.21? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitters does ecstasy impact? What are its long term risks? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and eoke sensory images in the absense of sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| a powerful lhallucinogenic drug also known as acid |
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Term
| Siegel reported the brain tends to hallucinate in common ways. Describe these (p. 121 and 127). |
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Definition
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Term
| What is THC? What are some of the effects of marijuana use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Review the biological, psychological, and social cultural influences on drug use. Figure 3.23 |
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Definition
| Adoptedi ndividuals are more suceptibele to alcohol dependence if |
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Term
| What are near death experiences? How do people often describe these experiences? |
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Definition
| an altered state of consciosuness reported after a close brush iwth death (such as through cardiac arrest) often similar to drug induced hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid eye movement sleep , a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
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Term
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Definition
Hallucinations
Sensations of falling or of floating - hypnagogic sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep spindles - bursts of rapid, rhythmic-wave activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage 3 sleep begins to experience delta waves. Is a transitional Stage |
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Term
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Definition
| The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, wake state |
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Term
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Definition
| Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
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