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Definition
| learning phase during s=which a conditioned response is established |
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| (aka Pavlovian or respondent) form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
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| mental representations of how a physical space is organized |
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| response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus though conditioning |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| initially neutral stimulus |
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| Discriminant Stimulus (Sd) |
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Definition
| stimulus stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement |
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| gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus |
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| sexual attraction to nonliving things |
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| Fixed interval (FI) schedule |
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Definition
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval |
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| Fixed ratio (FR) schedule |
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Definition
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses |
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Definition
| process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
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| Higher order conditioning |
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Definition
| developing a conditioned response to a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| grasping the nature of a problem |
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Definition
| tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement |
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Definition
| difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeatedly experienced alone, that is without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| learning that's not directly observable |
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Definition
| principle asserting if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behavior in the future |
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Definition
| ...get from notes for naseth's version,/ change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience |
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Definition
| (takes away) removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior |
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Definition
| learning by watching others |
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Definition
| learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior |
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Definition
| only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually |
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Definition
| intense fear of an object or situation that's greatly our of proportion to its actual threat |
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Definition
| positive outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior (adds to, strengthens) |
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Definition
| principle that less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior |
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| evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value |
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| items or outcomes that are naturally pleasurable |
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| outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior/ see prof naseths lecture on this |
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Definition
| outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior |
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Term
| schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| pattern of reinforcing a behavior (4 kinds are VI, VR, FR, FI) |
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Term
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Definition
| neutral objects that pple can trade in for reinforcers themselves |
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| shaping by successive approximations |
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Definition
| conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer to the target |
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Term
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Definition
| small animal chamber constructed by skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised |
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Definition
| sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| displaying a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
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Term
| variable interval (VI) schedule |
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Definition
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response following an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly |
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| Variable Ratio (VR) schedule |
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Definition
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly |
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Definition
| inability to encode new memories from our experiences |
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Definition
| organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory |
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Term
| distributed versus massed practice |
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Definition
| studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed) |
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Definition
| length of time for which a memory system can retain information |
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Definition
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| linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory |
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Definition
| process of getting information into our memory banks |
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Definition
| recollection of events in our lives |
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Definition
| emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed |
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| memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously |
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| inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age |
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Definition
| loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information |
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Definition
| depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it |
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Definition
| sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory |
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Definition
| See prof. naseths lecture//retention of information over time |
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Definition
| false but subjectively compelling memory |
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Definition
| a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall |
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Definition
| tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well |
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Definition
| our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly when we've previously encountered similar stimuli |
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| proactive interference//inhibition |
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Definition
| //interferences with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information |
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Definition
| memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits |
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Definition
| generating previously remembered information |
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Definition
| tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well |
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Definition
| selecting previously remembered information from an array of options |
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Definition
| repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory |
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Definition
| reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores |
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Definition
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| hints that make it easier for us to recall information |
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Definition
| interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information |
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Definition
| loss of memories from our past |
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Definition
| our knowledge of facts about the world |
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Definition
| brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory |
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Definition
| memory system that retains information for limited durations |
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| Tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon |
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Definition
| experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it |
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| Decay theory proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time. Information is therefore less available for later retrieval as time passes and memory, as well as memory strength, wears away.[1] When we learn something new, a neurochemical “memory trace” is created. However, over time this trace slowly disintegrates |
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