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| A mental grouping of persons, ideas,events, or objects that share common properties |
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| The most representative of a concept |
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| A mental representation of visual information |
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| Intuitive theories about the way things work |
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| (a general rule of thumb) |
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| The tendency to think of objects in one way rather than in alternative ways |
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| Using solutions that worked in the past, even though better ones exist |
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| The tendency to seek information supporting our beliefs, while ignoring disconfirming data. |
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| Tendency to cling to beliefs even after they have been discredited |
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| People ignore base-rates/ in favor of stereotypes |
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| e.g. people more afraid of plane crash than car crash even though plane crash is less probable |
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| The tendency to use the initial value as a reference point in making a new numerical estimate |
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| The sharing of information between individuals |
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| a form of communication consisting of system of sounds, words, meanings, and rules for their combination. |
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| sounds (total:100, english ~40, polynesian 11) |
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| smallest units that can mean something. (a few phonemes, prefixes and suffixes, meaningful parts of words, words with more than one meaning have more than one set of morphemes) |
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| words have fairly stable meanings and can be recombined in sentences to say anything at all. |
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| We can communicate about things that are not here |
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| communicate things that have never been said before |
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| Behaviorist Language Theory |
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| (Skinner) entirely the result of learning (faulty - even young children can speak sentences) |
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| (Chomsky) people are born with some aspects of language, language is innate (not detailed enough) |
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| Interactionist Language Theory |
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| language is both learned and innate |
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| The Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis |
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| language determines, or at least influences, the way we think - this leads to a prediction that people of different cultures, who speak different languages, must think in different ways |
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| if language can influence thought, then words are tools that can be used to sell products or mold public opinions |
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| aboriginal people of New Guinea who have only two words for colors (mola and mili) |
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The biochemical units of heredity that
govern the development of an
individual life. |
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The branch of biology that deals with
the mechanisms of heredity. |
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Definition
Structures that contain DNA
molecules in the form of genes. |
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
The structure of a chromosome that
carries genetic information. |
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The genetic blueprint for making a
complete human being |
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| Goal for Human Genome Project |
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Definition
Identify the sequence of bases for
each segment, for each chromosome AND Map disorders/traits onto
chromosomes |
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| 5 Principal Groups of Similar Gene Holders |
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Definition
| Africa, Asia, Americas, Europe, Middle East |
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Definition
The underlying DNA sequence that an
individual inherits |
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Definition
An organism’s observable properties,
physical and behavioral |
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Definition
Advantageous physical and
psychological traits that are
inherited. “sculpted” by natural selection to
address some environmental
challenge. Improves an organism’s fitness to
survive and reproduce |
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Definition
Random gene copying
errors that can spark
evolution by natural
selection. Most mutations are harmful,
but some enhance an
organism’s ability to survive
and natural selection weeds
them out. |
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Definition
A subfield that uses the principles of
evolution to understand human social
behavior. Adaptations are not only physical, but
behavioral as well. |
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Definition
effective aggressors gain and
maintain access to food, water, and desirable
mates |
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helping behavior that is motivated
primarily by a desire to benefit others, not
oneself |
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The notion that an organism’s genes are
preserved not only through its own
offspring but also through the offspring
of genetic relatives. ex: Grandchildren, nieces, nephews, etc. |
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Definition
The tendency for organisms to help
others according to their genetic
relatedness. |
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Definition
The tendency for organisms to help
members of their own species, who may
later reciprocate. Ex: Vampire bats |
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| Debate over the extent to which human behavior is determined by nature (genetics, biology) or nurture (environment, social world) |
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Definition
A statistical estimate of the percentage of the variability
of a trait within a group that is attributable to genetic
factors. |
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Definition
Comparison of pairs of identical and fraternal
twins of the same sex |
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Comparison of twins and other siblings reared
together with those separated by adoption |
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Definition
(Sandra Bem) Network of beliefs about
how we perceive
ourselves and others
sexually. Boys and girls can distinguish themselves from the other sex by age 3. |
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Definition
| Fertilization - zygote, 6 weeks - embryo, 3 months - fetus |
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The study of how people grow, mature,
and change over the life span. Two methods used: cross-sectional, longitudinal |
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Definition
method in which
people of different ages are tested and
compared. |
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Definition
method in which the
same people are tested at different times
to track changes related to age. |
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| things that a parent does during pregnancy that can be harmful to child, "monster-makers" |
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Definition
8 month old fetus
has twice as many
neurons as adult, And produces
100,000s more
each minute, They then die off
as brain is shaped
by environment, "sculpting" |
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Definition
First complete theory of intellectual
development. Set of four stages. can't move on to one til you pass through the previous one. children from anywhere pass through in same order. |
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Definition
Rests on the theory that children are
curious and constructive thinkers and
what to understand the world around
them. |
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Definition
Mental representations of the
world that guides the processes of
assimilation and accommodation |
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Definition
Representations/rules for environmental
events (e.g. concepts of balls, people, etc) |
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Definition
is the process by which new
information is added to existing schemas |
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Definition
is the process by which old
schemas are changed (new schema or
changes in old ones) |
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Term
| Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage |
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Definition
(Age 0-2) 1 m learn about
shapes texture, and
substance of objects
with the mouth. 5m acquire
information with
hands or by
coordination
movement of the
hands, eyes, and
mouth together. |
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Term
| Piaget’s Preoperational Stage |
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Definition
(Age 2-6 or 7) Two key features: Egocentric, and Conservationconcept
that
physical properties
of an object remain
the same despite
superficial changes
in appearance. |
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Term
Piaget’s Concrete Operation
Stage |
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Definition
(Age 7-11 or 12) Capable of logical
reasoning. Can take the
perspective of
another person. Group similar
objects into
categories |
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Term
Piaget’s Formal Operational
Stage |
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Definition
| (age 12-adulthood) can transcend concrete situations and think about the future. |
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Term
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Definition
Child may not be ‘ready’ for certain
cognitive tasks - Can’t ‘push’ kids ahead of their
developmental stage. |
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Term
| Parent-child Relationship |
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Definition
First attachment (2nd half of first year). Deep emotional bond that an infant
develops with primary caretaker. Consistent across cultures. Shown with Harlow Study |
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Definition
baby is secure when the
parent is present, distressed by separation and
delighted by reunion |
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Definition
baby clings to the parent,
cries at separation, and reacts with anger to the
reunion |
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Definition
The period of life from puberty to adulthood,
corresponding roughly to the ages of 13 to
20 |
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Definition
The onset of adolescence, as evidence by
rapid growth, rising levels of sex hormones,
and sexual maturity |
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Definition
A girl’s first menstrual period
and sexual maturity |
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Definition
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| Preconventional Level of moral development |
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Definition
Resolved in ways that satisfy self-serving motives. Morality judged in terms of obtaining reward and
avoiding punishment |
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| Conventional Level of moral development |
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Definition
| Morality judged in terms of social order |
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| Postconventional Level of moral development |
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Definition
Morality judged in terms of abstract principles, like
equality, justice and the value of life. |
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Definition
An adolescent’s
struggle to establish a
personal identity, or
self-concept |
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Definition
The maximum age possible for
members of a given species. |
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Definition
The number of years that an average
member of a species is expected to
live. |
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Term
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Definition
| The end of menstruation and fertility. |
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Term
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Definition
A progressive brain
disorder that
strikes older
people, causing
memory loss and
other symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
includes inductive
reasoning and spatial
ability, declines steadily
throughout middle and
late adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
includes verbal and
numerical ability, remains
stable into the 70s. |
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Definition
a set of cultural
expectations concerning the most
appropriate age one should leave
home, get married, have children. Differ from culture to culture and
generation to generation. People who are “out of sync” feel more
stress then people who are “one time” |
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Term
| Elisabeth Kübler-Ross 5 stages in approaching death |
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Definition
denial, anger, bargaining for more time, depression, acceptance. Not everyone follows this sequence through the stages
and all people do not experience all stages. |
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Definition
| Animal Studies on selective breeding - "bright" or "dull" maze running rats |
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Definition
| Eight Stages of Development |
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