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Definition
| the study of how people think about the social world and arrive at judgments that help them interpret the past, understand the present and predict the future |
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| making inferences about a person or situation based on very little information |
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Misperception of a group norm that results from observing people that are acting at variance with their private beliefs out of a concern for the social consequences
- these actions reinforce the erroneous group norm
- ex. not asking a question in class because you think everyone else already understands the concept |
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| Misleading secondhand information |
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Ideological distortions: a person's desire to foster certain beliefs or behaviors that leads them to accentuate some elements of a story and omit conflicting details
Bad-news bias: 80% of all crime in the media is violent while in real life on ly 20% is
Asymmetric attention to positive vs. negative info: we pay attn to negative events more than positive ones because neg has important effects for our well being/ survival |
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Primacy effect: the disproportionate influence on judgment by information presented first in a body of evidence
Recency effect: the disproportionate influence on judgment by information presented last in a body of evidence |
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| the influence on judgment resulting from the way information is presented, such as the order of presentation or how it is worded |
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theory that says that the temporal perspective from which people view events has important and predictable implications for how people construe them
- Psychologically distant actions are thought about in abstract terms; actions and events that are close at hand are thought about in concrete terms |
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| the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it |
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| Motivated confirmation bias |
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Definition
when someone deliberately searches for evidence that confirms their preferences or expectations
- any info that contradicts one's beliefs are subjected to critical scrutiny and discounted |
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Definition
| "data-driven" mental processing in which an individual forms conclusions based on the stimuli encountered through experience |
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| "theory-driven" mental processing in which an individual filters and interprets new information in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations |
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| filing information away in memory based on what info is attended to and the initial interpretation of the info |
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| the extraction of info from memory |
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| Which schemas are activated/applied? |
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Prime: to momentarily activate a concept and thus make it accessible
Chronic accessibility
Similarity/feature matching: how closely a stimuli/situation resembles our the features of the schema
Misleading similarities
Expectations --> what to expect from a given stimuli/situation; diff consequences if schema wrongly applied |
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Definition
| below the threshold of conscious awareness |
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| the tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the very thing they expect to happen |
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Term
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| intuitive mental operations that allow us to make a variety of judgments quickly and efficiently |
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| the process whereby judgments of frequency or probability are based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind |
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| Representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| used when we try to categorize something by judging how similar it is to our conception of the prototype of the category |
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| the feeling of ease associated with processing information |
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| Information about the relative frequency of events or of members of different categories in the population |
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| the tendency for people to be unrealistically optimistic about how quickly they can complete a project |
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| the belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not |
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Definition
| the tendency for people to ignore or underutilize base-rate information when assessing whether someone belongs to a particular category |
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