Term
|
Definition
| An individual who demonstrates consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks for a particular area |
|
|
Term
Parallel Processing
(376) |
|
Definition
| Handles two or more items at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Handles only one item at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process that requires you to go beyond the information given; also has a goal, such as a solution, a decision, or a belief |
|
|
Term
Deductive Reasoning
(395) |
|
Definition
| Process in which you are given some specific premises, and you are asked whether those premises allow you to draw a particular conclusion, based on the principles of logic. Provides you with all the information you need to draw a conclusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of assessing and choosing among several alternatives; unlike deductive reasoning, decision making is more ambiguous and may have missing or contradictory information |
|
|
Term
Conditional Reasoning (aka Propositional Reasoning)
(395) |
|
Definition
| Type of deductive reasoning task that tell us about the relationship between conditions (if...then...). Subjects must determine whether valid or invalid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of deductive reasoning problem that consists of two statements that we must assume to be true, plus a conclusion. Refer to quantities, so they use all, none, some, etc. Subjects must determine if valid, invalid, or indeterminate. |
|
|
Term
Propositional Calculus
(397) |
|
Definition
A system for categorizing the kinds of reasoning used in analyzing propositions or statements.
[Affirm antecedent: valid
Affirm consequent: invalid
Deny antecedent: invalid
Deny consequent: valid] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the first proposition or statement; "if" part of the statement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the proposition that comes second; consequence ("then..." part) |
|
|
Term
Affirming the Antecedent
(397) |
|
Definition
| You say the "if..." part of the sentence is true (valid) |
|
|
Term
Affirming the Consequent
(397) |
|
Definition
| Say the "then..." part of the sentence is true (invalid) |
|
|
Term
Denying the Antecedent
(398) |
|
Definition
| You say the "if..." part of the sentence is false (invalid) |
|
|
Term
Denying the Consequent
(398) |
|
Definition
| You say the "then..." part of the sentence is false (valid) |
|
|
Term
Heuristic-Analytic Theory
(398) |
|
Definition
| Jonathan Evans's theory that people may initially use a heuristic that is quick and generally correct, but may pause and switch to a more effortful analytic approach that requires working memory and serial processing in order to realize that their initial conclusion would not necessarily be correct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs in reasoning when people make judgments based on prior beliefs and general knowledge, rather than on the rules of logic; in general, people make errors when the logic reasoning problem conflicts with their background knowledge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preferring to try and confirm a hypothesis, rather than disproving it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General strategies that typically produce a correct solution |
|
|
Term
Representativeness Heuristic
(407) |
|
Definition
| When we judge that a sample is likely f it is similar to the population from which the sample was selected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a sample is similar in important characteristics to the population from which it was selected. |
|
|
Term
Small-sample fallacy
(409) |
|
Definition
| When people assume that small samples will be representative of the population from which they are selected (small samples often reveal an extreme proportion, rather than a true one; therefore, the small-sample fallacy often leads us to incorrect decisions). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How often an item occurs in the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Underemphasizing important information about base rate (i.e. Jack, engineers, lawyers problem from book) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States that judgments should be influenced by two factors: the base rate and the likelihood ratio. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Assesses whether the description is more likely to apply to Population A or Population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The probability of the conjunction of two events cannot be larger than the probability of either of its constituent events. |
|
|
Term
Conjunction fallacy
(411) |
|
Definition
| When people jude the probability of the conjunction of two events to be greater than the probability of a constituent event (i.e. Linda problem from the book) |
|
|
Term
Availability heuristic
(413) |
|
Definition
| When you estimate the frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of relevant examples of something. |
|
|
Term
Recognition heuristic
(417) |
|
Definition
| Typically operates when you must compare the relative frequency of two categories; if you categorize one category, but not the other, you conclude that the recognized category has the higher frequency |
|
|
Term
Illusory correlation
(417) |
|
Definition
| Occurs when people believe that two variables are statistically related, even though there is no real evidence for this relationship |
|
|
Term
Social cognition approach
(417) |
|
Definition
| People form stereotypes by means of our normal cognitive processes; motivational factors are less relevant. |
|
|
Term
Anchoring and adjustment heuristic (anchoring effect)
(419) |
|
Definition
| Says that we begin with a first approximation (anchor) and then make adjustments to that number on the basis of additional information; typically, people rely too heavily on the anchor and their adjustments are too small. |
|
|
Term
Confidence intervals
(422) |
|
Definition
| Ranges within which we expect a number to fall a certain percentage of the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Demonstrates that the outcome of a decision can be influenced by two factors: 1. The background context of the choice and 2. The way in which a question is worded (or framed). |
|
|
Term
Prospect Theory
(425-426) |
|
Definition
People's tendencies to think about possible gains asbeing different from possible losses. Specifically:
1. When dealing with possible gains, people tend to avoid risk
2. When dealing with possible losses, people tend to seek risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Means that people's confidence judgments are higher than they should be, based on their actual performance on the task. |
|
|
Term
Crystal-ball technique
(428) |
|
Definition
| Asks decision makers to imagine that a completely accurate crystal ball has determined that their favored hypothesis is actually incorrect; the decision makers must therefore search for alternative explanations for the outcome and reasonable evidence to support the alternative explanations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes the overconfidence that one's own view is correct in a confrontational situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Says that people typically underestimate the amount of time or money required to complete a project; they also estimate the task will be relatively easy to complete. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when a cohesive group is so concerned about reaching a unanimous decision that members ignore potential problems and they are overconfident that their decision will have a favorable outcome (a reason for overconfidence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Our judgments about events that already happened. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when an event has happened already, and we say that the event had been available and that we "knew it all along." |
|
|
Term
| Maximizing decision-making style (433) |
|
Definition
| When people (maximizers) have a tendency to examine as many options as possible; more challenging when the number of options increases. |
|
|
Term
Satisficing decision-making style
(433) |
|
Definition
| When people (satisficers) have a tendency to settle for something that is satisfactory; not concerned about other potential options elsewhere that could be better. |
|
|
Term
Ecological rationality
(434) |
|
Definition
| Describes how people create a wide variety of heuristics to help them make useful, adaptive decisions in the real world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If there is a default option, people will choose it. |
|
|
Term
Attribute substitution
(434) |
|
Definition
| Operates when someone asks you to make a judgment and you don't know the answer; would substitute an answer to an earlier but similar question. |
|
|
