Term
| What are 6 things that we are easily able to communicate about the self? |
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Definition
1)how I feel
2) how I view things
3) what I want
4) what I like and dislike
5) what I want to do
6) what I look like |
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Term
| Who thought that the self can be meaningly divided into general components? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two selves that William James found? |
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Definition
| self as known (self as object of perception) and self as knower (self as the entity doing the percieving) |
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Term
| What is included in the Self As Known? |
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Definition
- content of one's experiences
- physical characteristics, personality traits, goals, feelings, etc
- person enters his awareness |
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Term
| What 3 categories are in the Self As Known? |
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Definition
1) Material Self
( clearly physical, me, relationships, possessions)
2) Spiritual Self
( psychological self, disposition, memories, goals)
3) Social Self
(different selves from interaction of other people) |
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Term
| What is the Self as Knower? |
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Definition
-self= experiencer
- experiences and percieves the Self as Known
- "I" or "ego"
-notion of consciousness |
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Term
| What was William James' experiment? |
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Definition
asked people to talk about themselves (personality theorists)
-all in form: I am___ (all aspects having to do with self or I)
**found self reflectiveness |
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Term
| What is self reflectiveness? |
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Definition
self is not only what percieves but also is aware of its own features
-self is capable of doing the knower |
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Term
| What is Behaviorism and who founded it? |
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Definition
- Watson
- study of observables, only things that can be seen and measured
- inputs to the person (stimuli)--> outputs from person inreponse to inputs (behavior)
- meaningful and preditable relations |
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Term
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Definition
| no mind, everything is reduced down to body. only talk about things you can directly observe physically |
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Term
| Who came up with symbolic interactionism and what is it? |
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Definition
- Meade and Cooley
- the self cannot be understood in isolation, it must be studied in interaction with other people
- self is not inherent property of human nature, it's the product of experience developed through interaction
- primary goal: learn and control his world |
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Term
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Definition
| try to control social world what other social aspects will do so you can predict what other people are thinking-- using empathy |
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Term
| What is the "Looking Glass Self"? |
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Definition
| see myself reflected in the eyes of others (self is confronted with itself) |
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Term
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Definition
-symbolic interactionism
- 2 groups of apes (isolated vs other chimps)
- after several months chimps were placed in individual cages and then anesthetized and red line was painted above its eyebrows
- recorded # of time each chimp touched red line--socially reared touched more
-after putting isolated chimps with others (remedial social interaction) found developed sense of self and touched red line more second time |
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Term
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Definition
| relive in head (not until 4 years old) |
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Term
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Definition
| we often dont know what were thinking or feeling until we observe our own behavior and the context to which it occurs |
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Term
| *on exam: What is one conequence to self perception theory? |
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Definition
| we often know ourselves in a manner similar to knowing other people |
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Term
| What is the self perception theory and who came up with it? |
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Definition
- Bem
- we come to know ourselves the same way we learn to know others
- we typically dont have direct access to internal states but rather infer what we must have thought or felt on the basis of what we did and circumstances in which we did it |
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Term
| What are 3 parts of the Self Perception Theory? |
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Definition
1) you observe your behavior and the context in which it takes place
2) if context can explain behavior then you attribute behavior to context
3) if sutation cannot explain your behavior, then you attribute behavior to the self |
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Term
| What was Festinger and Carlsmith's study about? |
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Definition
-subjects were asked to perform variety of taskis involving hand-eye coordination and measure motor performance (peg study)
- after an hour, told that experimenter for next study wasnt coming and asked them to fill in getting paid either $1 or $20
- $1--> rated task more enjoyable because attribued experiment to personal self attitudes while $20 group viewed behavior explained by external circumstances |
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Term
| What study tried to replicate Festinger and Carlsmiths study? What is this theory called? |
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Definition
- Lepper Burg Nursery Study
- Overjustification Theory Effect--> same type of experiment |
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Term
| What did the Lepper Burg Nursery Study show? |
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Definition
observed how often kids did something without justification (coloring)
3 groups: one expected reward group, one nothing for coloring, and one unexpected reward group ** second two played with them the most-- undermining intrinsic motivation |
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Term
| What is Salancik and Conway's study on? |
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Definition
- we only draw on overt behaviors to make self infereences, we also draw on our autobiographical memories of behaviors we performed in the past
- demonstrated that encouraging subjects to recall of either pro-religious or anti-religious behaviors diffferently influenced their subsequent self judjements of religiousness
- when induced to recall positive attitude toward religion-- judged themselves as more religious
**ppl utilize behavioral info when making trait judgments about themselves |
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Term
| What was Schacter and Singer's theory called and what did it relate to? |
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Definition
-- Two Factor Theory of Emotions of Cognitive Labeling Theory
- involved multiplicative theory- an emotional experience requires physiological state of arousal and cognitive context which to interpret that arousal |
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Term
| Who were the 4 different subjects in the Two Factor Theory and what was it based around? |
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Definition
- exmained joint effects of arousal and context on subjects emotions
- 1) informed subjects- told that suproxin ahd side effects 2)misinformed subject- told wrong side effects 3) ignorant subjects- told nothing 4) control- given no drugs
- confederate was scripted to behave in happy euphoric or angry manner
after 20 minutes asked to rate how happy they were feeling |
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Term
| what were the results of 2 factor theory? |
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Definition
- informed subjects had a physiological arousal coupled with info that explained arousal-- rated less euphoric
- informed subjects with angry confederate were less angry because had external explanation for physiological arousal
**self-perception theory |
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Term
| what were problems with 2 factor theory? |
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Definition
1) no physiology
2) no ones actually angry
3) never replicated |
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Term
| Who did the Pain Perception Study and what did it involve? |
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Definition
- Davison and Vallins
- self-perception theory: experimentally alter subjects perception of pain |
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Term
| What were the steps in the Pain Perception Study |
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Definition
1) people got 10 shocks
2) then ppl took drug (placebo) to not feel pain (really shock pain was reduced to 1/2 intensity)
3) 1/2 subjects: told drug=fake 1/2 subjects= drug wore off. rehooked up again and shocked again like step 1 |
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Term
| What was the outcome of the Pain Perception Study |
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Definition
| group A (placebo) takes more because attributes it internally to how strong they are while group B (real) attributes it to drug |
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Term
| What was Brown and Kulik's study? |
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Definition
- Flashbulb Memory
- when self is knower is negative-- either very memorable or very unmemorable
-highly emotional events: remember great details about |
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Term
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Definition
| emotionally unpleasant memories relating to the self that have been hypothesized to enjoy a special status in memory |
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Term
| What was Freud's take on flashbulb memories? |
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Definition
believed that unpleasant events were especially likely to be poorly remembered-- deal with it by repressing it
- take conscious memory and "banishing" it to unconscious part of mind |
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Term
| What was Zeller's Repression Study? |
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Definition
-1) two groups of subjects asked to learn list of words and then do motor task-- yelled at second group for sucking at it
2) then had them do same thing and 2nd group did way worse
3) then apologized to the second group and said it wasnt their fault and they did equal to first group again |
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Term
| Why did the results of Zeller's Repression Study happen? |
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Definition
| -circumstances removed the anxiety that had led to repression, and as result both groups showed equal memory on the subsequent test |
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Term
| What is Supression vs Rpression? |
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Definition
Supression: involves conscious efforts to temporaily not think about topic
Repression: thought is banished to unconsious part of mind where it must reside until anxiety assocaited with thought is removed |
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Term
| What was Wegner's theory and what did it involve? |
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Definition
- Thought Suppression Study
- some subjects asekd to not think about white bear while others told free to think about anything invluding white bears
- subjects asked to sit quietly for 5 min and everytime thought of white bear should ring bell
- supression subjects think of white bear less
- then next tells subjects that they are free to think about what they want-- supression show huge increase in # of times white bear comes to mind |
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Term
| What is the Rebound effect? |
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Definition
while suppression can be successful as long as conscious effort is devoted to it, once the effort and vifilance are removed the formerly suppressed though returns with vegenance
- distracters later serve as reminders of the unwanted thought-- ends up being put to long term memory because of context |
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Term
| What was the second White Bear Study? |
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Definition
1) show slides of pictures of silverwear and kitchen appliances to distract from white bear
2) then show nature context pics-- more not associated with white bear
3) reintroduce 1st slide show (thought of white bear more) |
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Term
| What is an abstract memory? |
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Definition
| the answer comes to mind as a piece of knowledge unaccompanied by imagery or recolletions of the context in which the knowledge originally was learned |
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Term
| what is the other type of memory? |
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Definition
| involves imagery, temporal and spatial context,, and sense of self |
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Term
| What are clinical dissociations? |
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Definition
| the diff cases of memory failure (medical, trauma, etc) that they frequently show rather dramatic differences in the type of memories that are affected bt the illenss or trauma |
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Term
| Who was HM and what was significant about him? |
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Definition
- 1953-- had brain surgery on both lobes
- severe case of anterograde and retrograde amnesia but did have his intellectual functions unimpaired |
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Term
| What task could HM have difficulty on? |
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Definition
The Fibonacci Test (Digit Span Task)--lost his ability to transfer info from STM to LTM
- only could remember 7 digits or less on Fibonacci Test |
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Term
| What was the Claparede experiments and what did it involve? |
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Definition
It involved working with Korsakoff amnesiacs
- when doctor offered to shake hands with this patient he had a pin in his hand and after shaking the patient immediately withdrew her hand. The next day the patient was reluctant to shake persons hand but they didnt know why
**suggests that info had been transferred to patients LTM |
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Term
| What was the Fibonacci Sequence Learning? |
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Definition
-subject presented with series of # sequences and asked to guess next # to fit it
- eventually was able to do it but showed inability to remember ever doing the task in the first place |
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Term
| What was the Word Fragment Completion? |
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Definition
| amnesic person was asked to remember word and then distracted for several minutes. Only when amnesic is shown beginning letters and asked to say first thing that comes to mind was the patient likely to say the desired word. They however were unable to remember that he had learend the word-- only works if experimenter doesnt mention that he has said the word before |
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Term
| What is the distinction between Episodic and Semantic memory and who came up with it? |
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Definition
-Tulving argued that LTM divided into these 2
- Episodic: 1) spatial (location), 2) temporal (time) 3) Self reference (personal experience) where learning took place
- Semantic: knowledge (facts, rules, language)
*both are declarative memories |
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Term
| What happens with the failures of Episodic memories? (KC) |
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Definition
-HM & Korsakoff patients--> lose episodic memory but not semantic
- can learn facts, rules, and events but are unable to recollect the personal experience of the original learning |
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Term
| What was the strange case of KC? |
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Definition
- amnesic patient-- couldnt consciously bring to mind a single personal experience or event from any point in his life but still had vareity of knowledge about himself
- he remembers semantic self knowledge without episodes-- evidence against a dependence between the two types of memories |
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Term
| What two different types of self-knowledge did KC's case stress? |
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Definition
- Episodic Self Knowledge- personal experiences
-Semantic Self Knowledge- abstract knowledge of experiences |
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Term
| What was the story on DB? |
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Definition
- mechanical engineer who had heart attack playing basketball and went 4-5 min without pulse
- after got home realized lost his memory--doesnt remember last time he did anything (lost episodic memory)
-semantic memory was still intact but not normal
-doesnt have concept of time-- showed clinical dissociations |
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Term
| What experiment did Klein do with DB? |
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Definition
-when asked DB questions relating to himself in the past of future events, he replied "i dont know" and couldnt imagine himself in future
- when asked questions about non-personal opinion from past 10 and future 10 years, DB could answer these |
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Term
| What was the second Self Perception Theory on emotions? |
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Definition
-joint function of two variables c (cognitions) and p (physiological).
-In terms of causality does one cause the other or vice versa. Ex: if you see man of your dreams and say I am in love are you in love because your body reacted (heart skipped a beat=physiological) therefore causing the cognition of being in love or vice versa knew you were in love and because of this your body reacted? |
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Term
| What is the additive relation of emotions? |
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Definition
(C+PR)-- impolied that one can have an emotional experience if either the C or the PR component is present
- if both are present-- emotional experience is strong than it will be in presence of either alone |
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Term
| what is the multiplicative relation of emotions? |
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Definition
| emotional experience requires the presence of both components-- if one PR or C isn't there then there is no emotion |
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Term
| What was the James-Lange Theory of emotions? |
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Definition
- each emotion is accompanied by unique pattern of physiological respones and our perception of these responses as they occur is our emotion
- to experience emotion, must have unique pattern of PR for each different emotion experienced
- absence of PR= no emotion |
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Term
| What was Cannon's theory of emotion? |
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Definition
- studied phyisological accompanying emotional experiences
- discovered diff emotions were not accompanied by diff patterns of bodily change-- contradicts James Lange)
- same difuse and general patterns of arousal were found to accompany many diff emotional experiences
( found individuals who had spinal injuries no longer were able to get feedback from their own physiological states of arousal were still able to report experiencing emotions) |
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Term
| What was Maranon's Multiplicative View of Emotions? |
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Definition
- reasoned if physiological arousal led directly to perceived emotion, then injecting subjects with a epinephrine even in absence of any emotion induced stimuli should lead to experiencing emotion
- 71% reported no emotional experience only 1% reported real emotional experience because they talked to therapist beforehand |
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