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| an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind. |
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| an early school of psychology, influenced by the theory of evolution, that focused on how our mental and behavioural processes function—how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. |
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| an early school/view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. |
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| historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth. |
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| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). |
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| Psychology (current definition) |
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| the science of behaviour and mental processes. |
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| the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological trait and behaviours. |
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| the driving principle behind Evolution that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. |
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| the differing complementary views for analyzing any given phenomenon (ie., from biological to psychological to social-cultural). |
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| an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. |
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Neuroscience Perspective
(Describe their focus) |
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The perspective that looks at how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
Q: How are messages transmitted within the body? How is blood chemistry liked with moods and motives? |
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Evolutionary Perspective
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The perspective that looks at how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes.
Q: How does evolution influence behaviour tendencies? |
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Behavioural genetics Perspective
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The perspective that looks at how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.
Q: To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? |
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Psychodynamic Perspective
(Describe their focus) |
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The perspective that looks at how behaviour springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.
Q:How can someone's personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as the disguised effect of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? |
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Behavioural Perspective
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The perspective that looks at how we learn observable responses.
Q: How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behaviour, say, to lose weight or stop smoking? |
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Cognitive Perspective
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The perspective that looks at how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
Q: How do we used information in remembering? Reasoning? Solving problems? |
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Social-cultural Perspective
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The perspective that looks at how behaviour and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
Q: How are we humans alike as members of one family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? |
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| The type of research that is pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. |
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| The type of research that is the scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. |
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| a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being. |
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| a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. |
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| a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. |
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| an acronym for the five steps of a study method that incorporates the principles of Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review. |
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| PSY pioneer who established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany. He created an experimental apparatus to measure the “atoms of the mind,” by measuring the reaction time between a person’s hearing a sound and pressing a key. |
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| PSY pioneer who and former student of Wundt, who introduced STRUCTURALISM. He used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements. |
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| PSY pioneer philosopher-psychologist who thought is more useful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings. Influenced by Darwin, he believed that our consciousness serves an adaptive function. |
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| mentored by William James to become the first woman to complete the requirements for a PhD in psychology, but was never given her degree due to her gender. She became the first female president of APA. |
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| The first woman to receive a psychology PhD. She synthesized animal behaviour research, and went on to become the second female president of APA. |
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| PSY pioneer, a Russian physiologist, who pioneered the study of learning. |
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| PSY pioneer, an Austrian physician who developed an influential theory of personality and was the father of psychotherapy. |
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| PSY pioneer, a Swiss biologist, who was the last century’s most influential observer of children. |
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| John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner |
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| PSY pioneers who dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behaviour.” They were BEHAVIOURISTS. |
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| Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
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| PSY pioneers of HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY. They emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on growth potential and the importance of having our needs satisfied. |
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| A movement that emerged in the 1960s, as psychology began to recapture its initial interest in mental processes. |
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