What is Social Psychology?

What is important when studying it? (3) 

The study of how a person's interaction affect another.

Attention, perception and interpretation.

1) Social interpretation - we are influenced by other ppl

2) ABCs - Affects (feeling), Cognitions (thoughts/belief) and Behaviour

3) Point of view - how you perceive and interpret situation

4) Scientific Study - need empirical evidence to make conclusions

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error related to Point of View?

What is Social Desirability Factor?

What is Implicit Attitude?

It means when we look at a person's personality instead of external factors.

They are attitudes that mirror what we think others desire in a person

An attitude where a person is unaware

Why do we help people? What is the keyword associated with this?

What are some reasons as to why we don't help people? (3)

Altruism - self-sacrificing behaviour to benefit others

1) Bystandard effect (more ppl = everyone less likely to help, will stand and watch - diffusion of responsibility) 

(Can be resolved with a leader, social facilitation)

2) Social loafing - less likely to exert 100% effort if there are more ppl with you

3) Deindividuation - loss of self-awareness or individual accountability (I'm gonna punish this person for insulting me, ignore that they are my group member)

What is Groupthink?

What are the predictors? (4)

What is Group Polarization?

Groupthink - pressure to agree in a group that leads to bad decisions

1) Cohesive group

2) Directive leader

3) Isolated group

4) Feelings of superiority

It is the effect that after a discussion takes place people's opinions and positions become more extreme (they agree more with one side)

What is Conformity?

What are some Social Influences that affect Conformity? (4)

It is when we altar our behaviour due to group pressure

1) Not being anonymous increases conformity

2) Less conformity is only one differed from group

3) Size of majority is five or six ppl

4) Low self-esteem means more likely to conform

 What did the Milgram Experiment hope to accomplish?

What are the Explanations behind the Milgram Experiment's success? (3)

It wanted to test the obedience of a person when given direct commands by an authority figure. 

1) Early socialization - obey authority

2) Trappings of authority - guy with lab coat, so professional, has status

3) Binding forces - hard to challenge authority w/o knowledge 

What are the Routes to Persuasion? (2)

For 1), what are the two ways you can employ the strategy?

1) Central route - based on thoughtful arguments

i) If the person is interested you must give a good amount of good arguments

ii) If the person is not interested you can give a good amount of poor arguments

2) Peripheral route - people will make decisions based on cues or attributes (ex// attractiveness, smart, etc.)

What is the Source/Basis of a Good Persuasion Strategy? (3)

What is the Foot in Door Technique, conversely what is the Door in Face technique?

1) If they are knowledgeable or likable

2) Similar to us

3) Presents both sides of an issue

The foot in door is getting someone to agree to something small, then asking for something bigger later

The door in face is asking for something big, getting rejected and then asking for something small to get it accepted.

What is Appeals to Fear Persuasion technique?

What are some factors of attractiveness and context? (3)

How do these factors affect ppl?

It is when ads make it seem like bad things will happen if you don't comply.

1) Attention-grabbing

2) Helps to form an attitude

3) Low involves (peripheral cues)

It won't affect deep feelings, it will be short lived.

What is Categorization in regards to Intergroup Relations?

What does it accomplish? (3) 

How do they help?

It is a short cut that makes life easier.

1) Makes our basis of prejudgement

2) Good thing that simplifies lives

3) Quick decision making

They help by learning from past, knowing what to learn and helping us in everyday situations

What is Social Categorization?

What are some of the consequences of using this? (4)

It is categorization based on perceived groups in society

1) Apply to social situations and influences our actions

2) Tendency to divide ppl into categories

3) Can facilitate bad thoughts

4) Has potential of adverse effects

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

What is the Self-Perception Theory?

It is a state of emotional discomfort when having two contradictory beliefs or a belief that contradicts their behaviour.

A theory that says when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer attitudes by observing our behaviour

(yawn = tired)

What is the Problem with Categorization? (3)

What does this lead to?

1) Over-categorize

2) We do it wrong

3) We misinterpret categories

It leads to biased beliefs

1) Stereotypes - schemas that organize info about ppl into groups, activates automatically, everyone is aware - depends if you endorse (This race is stupid)

2) Prejudice - Attitude response to stereotypes

(I hate this race because they are stupid)

3) Discrimination - Inappropriate treatment of a person based on group membership

(Treating this race bad because they belong to the race)

1) Categorize based on similarities

2) Adaptive value (need a quick way to identify someone)

3) Realistic conflict theory - amount of conflict b/w groups = amount of prejudice

4) Social identity theory - emphasize social cognitive factors, social categorization, social identity and social comparison

What are the levels of Interpersonal Attraction? (3)

What are the key factors to linking these? (5)

1) Cognitive

2) Affective

3) Behavioural

1) Similarity

2) Proximity

3) Self-disclosure

4) Situational factors

5) Physical attractiveness

What are the stages in a loving relationship? (3)

What are the types of relationships? (3)

1) Exploration stage - try out rewards/costs

2) Bargaining stage - negotiate terms

3) Institutionalized stage - shared terms, exclusive now

1) Secure attachment - comfortable, do not fear becoming too close or being abandoned

2) Avoidant - uncomfortable, little trust

3) Anxious-Ambivalent - Insecure, worry their partners will leave them

What are a few Barriers to Persuasion? (2)

What are the categories that attributes fall under? (2)

1) Telling the audience you are going to persuade them

2) Beginning with a weak argument, makes others look weaker

1) Dispositional

2) Internal

What is the Actor-Observer Effect?

What is the exception to the rule of attribution?

It is the discrepancy b/w how we explain other ppl's behaviour (dispositionally) and how we explain our own behaviour (situationally)

We do not always match attributes with ppl's behaviour, sometimes we consider situational causes and vice versa.

What is a Norm and a Social Role?

What kind of roles do men and women get?

A Norm is a social rule about how to act.

A Social Role is a set of norms ascribed to a person of how they should act (based on age, duties, expectations, etc.)

Women usually communal (take care of me)

Men usually agentic (confident, control)

What did the Standford Prison Experiment show us?

What did the Asch Studies show us, what was it about?

That situational power of roles and context play a big part in behaviour and actions.

(Guards being mean to prisoners, especially the ones they don't like)

It involves 6 people, after a few rounds of answering questions as a group 5 members give an incorrect answer. The last member has his decision influenced by conformity, he wanted to fit in with the majority.

1) Additive task - parallel actions b/w members (good)

2) Conjuntive task - work together at same pace, only as good as weakest person in group (bad)

3) Disjunctive task - single solution, smart person answers, large groups are better suited for this (good)

4) Divisible tasks - different activities formed together, large groups are better suited for this (good)

What is the Frustration-Aggression hypothesis?

What are the elements in the Triangular theory of love? (3)

It is aggression that rises from frustration and stress

1) Intimacy

2) Passion

3) Commitment

1) Orbitofrontal cortex - reasoning, reading ppl

2) Ventromedial prefrontal cortex - process rewards/punishments, making decisions

3) Insula - empathy, reading ppl

4) Amygdala - control of emotions

What are the conceptions of Abnormal Psychology? (6)

List all Pros and Cons

1) Deviance - Differ from society's ideas of proper functioning, can vary from society to society

2) Statistical rarity - uncommon, not all conditions are pathological, some illnesses are quite common

3) Subjective distress - Most mental disorders produce pain but not all have distress (Manic episode)

4) Dysfunctional/Impairment - Interest w/ functions, not all conditions to not function = illness (lazy, not ill)

5) Mental disorder - failure of physiological system (shizophrenia, psychopathy)

6) Danger - risk to others and self (dangerous), violent, hostile and confused (not too common)

1) Diagnosis is just for pigeonholding - alike in one aspect, different in many others (label ppl = they are all same)

2) Diagnosis is unreliable - consistency in measure, inter-related reliability needed (0.8 or higher score) Influenced by illusory correlation (see it on tv one time)

3) Diagnosis is invalid - No new useful info, only descriptive labels (confuse popular labels with diagnosis)

4) Diagnosis will stigmatize people - labels give negative affects on perception/behaviour

(treated diff. b/c don't understand it)

1) Distinguish from other similar diagnosis

2) Predicts outcome on patient's tests

3) Predicts family history

4) Predicts natural history

5) Predicts favourable response to treatment

What is the DSM-5?

What are some Criticisms? (4)

It is a diagnostic criteria similar to a statistics manual. It has rules for each condition.

1) Not all diagnoses are valid

2) Not all criteria/decisions are based on scientific data

3) High level of comorbidity (two diseases)

4) Relies on categorical model, not dimensional

What are the main time periods in which mental illness was explored in class? (2)

Explain what methods they used

What is a key aspect to have when administering treatment?

1) Middle ages - demons, excorcisms, burning to stake and drowning treatments

2) Renaissance - used medical models but had poor treatment options, used leeches to suck or snakes to scare the illness out of you

Always treat patients with dignity and respect (morals)

1) No standard of skill measure, all down to credbility as an expert

2) Professional discretion

3) Lack of guidelines to follow

4) Lacks consistency

Based on Baxtrom and Dixon studies, what did Steadman/Cocozza and Thornberry/Jacoby observe?

What were some of the criticisms of the observations conducted? (2)

It revealed that only 7% of 98 ppl and 15% of 400 people commited violent acts which was much different then the predicted 100%. This questioned the skill of the mental health ppl.

1) Only followed for 3-4 years, try 10?

2) How do you define violent offence? (killing or yelling?)

What did the R v. Swain case accomplish?

What was added?

It made it so that the law had to be reformed

The law added stated that if a person is mentally ill they cannot be criminally charged however they will still be locked up.

What did Canada want to do?

What was developed? (2)

We wanted to make it better, we need more evidence when making claims.

1) Actuarial prediction - type of mechanical prediction, combo of risk factors and is a mathematical model.

2) Actuarial prediction plus! - Same as other but also focuses on individuals, focus on main causes and has more flexibility

What major issue did Deinstitutionalization bring forth?

What were some remedies? (2)

Some patients went back to normal lives but many did not know how to properly function and had no follow up care

1) Mental health centres

2) Half-way houses

1) You believe you may get credit/blame

2) Believe your contribution is meaningful

3) Part of a cohesive group

1) Neuroscience model - based on malfunctions in brain

2) Psychodynamic model - behaviour determined by underlying psych. forces, person not conciously aware. 

3) Cognitive-Behavioural model - behaviour acquired by mix of conditioning, modelling and cognitive principles

4) Humanistic/Existential model - Distorted views of self prevent personal growth or decision making 

5) Socio-Cultural model - Based on family behaviour, creates special stress

6) Developmental Psychopathology model - Looks at genes and early childhood to determine current psych. state

What are the categories that influence the Socio-Cultural model? (5)

What are the routes that the Developmental model takes when looking at early childhood? (2)

 1) Social change - society changes (urbanized)

2) Socio-economic class - poor vs rich

3) Cultural factors - values, pressure and discrimination

4) Social networks/support - communication 

5) Family systems - rules, relations, structure and communication methods

1) Equifinality - diff. children can starts at diff. points and end up at the same end point

2) Multifinality - same children can start at same place and end up at diff. points

1) Selective perception - focus on negatives

2) Magnification - exaggerating importance of bad events

3) Overgeneralization - drawing broad negative conclusion based off of one small event

1) Group productivity - may be more efficient or less depending on the task set up (4 types)

2) Social loafing - less likely to exert 100% effort if there are more ppl with you

3) Social Facilitation - perform better when ppl around us or sometimes perform worse, focus on reactions and interpretations

4) Group Polarization

5) Groupthink