Term
| 3 main stages of prenatal development |
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Definition
embryonic stage (structures)
fetal stage (functions)
full term |
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Term
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Definition
| how events in the womb can affect fetal development |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination occurs during months 3-5 of the fetal stage |
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Term
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Definition
| things that can be ingested that will affect a growing baby |
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Term
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Definition
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
spectrum because of varying effects |
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Term
| alcohol consumption by mother leads to |
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Definition
low birth weight
physical abnormalities
mental retardation (leading cause) |
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Term
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Definition
grasping
rooting
bobinski
stepping
sucking |
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Term
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Definition
| turn towards you if you touch the cheek |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| examples of early motor development |
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Definition
| sitting, crawling, walking |
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Term
| examples of fine motor skills |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
by the time they're able to crawl, babies can perceive depth
emotional reactions persuade or dissuade to cross visual cliff |
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Term
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Definition
dying off of neurons
use it or lose it |
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Term
| musicians' early brain development |
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Definition
somatosensory cortex is stronger depending on the dominant hand of your instrument (lateralization)
corpus callosum is stronger, more interaction between the two hemispheres
cerebellum is more developed
higher IQ |
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Term
| Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational |
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Term
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Definition
0-2
use senses and movement to learn
object permanence
A not B error |
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Term
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Definition
| objects don't disappear when out of sight |
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Term
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Definition
| look for toy wehre he last found it, not las saw it to rely on past successful events |
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Term
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Definition
2-5
symbolic thought begins
animistic thinking, everything is alive to them
cant' understand conservation
egocentrism |
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Term
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Definition
you can change an object's shape while the amount remains the same
crumpled up piece of paper doesn't weight more, longer row of quarters |
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Term
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Definition
| don't understand others have a different perspective than you do |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
6-11
child can perform mental operations (reversing) on real objects or events
conservation is possible |
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Term
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Definition
ideas and knowledge about how other peoples' minds work
children under 4 don't understand people can believe something that is false |
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Term
| Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development |
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Definition
Pre-Conventional Level
Conventional Level
Post-Conventional Level |
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Term
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Definition
posed the scenario of a man willing to steal in order to get his wife medicine
Heinz Dilemma |
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Term
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Definition
avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards
Heinz shouldn't steal because he will get in trouble |
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Term
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Definition
valuing caring, trust, and relationships as well as social order/lawfulness
society wouldn't work if we all stole things
Heinz should steal but not go to jail |
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Term
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Definition
universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules
Heinz should steal the drug but pay the consequences |
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Term
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Definition
separation anxiety
child must have reliable, consistent, secure base in order to have separation anxiety
affects how we bond the rest of our lives |
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Term
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Definition
| posed "strange situation" to establish a way to separate mom from child in a lab |
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Term
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Definition
only health one
infants will gradually explore new situations when the caregiver leaves and initiate contact when the caregiver returns after separation |
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Term
| insecure-resistant attachment |
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Definition
| infant cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and shows difficulty returning to play |
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Term
| insecure-avoidant attachment |
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Definition
| shows little to no distress in the separation episodes, indifferent once mom returns, tends to ignore and avoid her |
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Term
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Definition
which is more important-meeting physical or emotional needs?
used monkeys to test theory |
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Term
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Definition
consists of the ability to reason abstractly, scientifically, and philosophically
able to hypothesize
frontal lobe still developing |
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Term
| social development in adolescence |
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Definition
search for identity
friends over family
emergence of sexual interest and relationships
emerging adulthood (18-25) |
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Term
| Kubler-Ross's 5 Stages of Death and Dying |
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Definition
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance |
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Term
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Definition
controls temperature, melatonin, and alertness
circadians change over time (little kids get up early)
travelling west is easier for circadian rhythm (gaining time) |
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Term
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Definition
| production inhibited by bright light |
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Term
| suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| timekeeper of your brain and body |
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Term
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Definition
stage 5 sleep
most brain activity (not deep sleep)
physically paralyzed
happens a lot towards the end of the night
more in children, who are always learning new things |
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Term
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Definition
sleep spindles (short bursts of energy)
K complexes |
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Term
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Definition
slow waves (delta)
part of deep sleep |
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Term
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Definition
slow waves (delta)
part of deep sleep |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
beta waves
alpha waves
theta waves |
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Term
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Definition
whole country is sleep deprived
deal with it through caffeine, being tired
up to 30% of car accidents are due to sleep deprivation |
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Term
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Definition
number one sleep disorder
self-diagnosed
not being able to fall/stay asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| number one sleep complaint |
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Term
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Definition
being sleepy throughout the day
can be a symptom of another disorder, ie apnea
aka EDS (excessive daytime sleepiness) |
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Term
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Definition
| not getting enough oxygen throughout the night |
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Term
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Definition
obstructive sleep apnea
obstruction, ie obesity, especially neck circumference and also jaw shape
treated with dental, most lose weight or have CPAP machine (continuous positive airway pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
central sleep apnea
neurological problem
brain tells you to stop
less common |
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Term
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Definition
| brain can't regulate when it's supposed to sleep |
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Term
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Definition
form of narcolepsy
loss of muscle tone
induced by emotional/excited status |
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Term
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Definition
"alongside sleep"
happens with sleep |
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Term
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Definition
form of parasomnia
happens during slow wave/non-REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
form of parasomnia
mechanism that paralyzes the body is not functioning properly
people will act out their dreams, which are usually very emotional
trying to fight off or defend yourself |
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Term
| psychoanalytic theory of dreaming |
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Definition
Freud
impulses, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind
dreams operate on manifest and latent levels of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| the dream that is consciously recalled after waking up |
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Term
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Definition
| the deeper, unconscious level, where the meaning of the dream lies |
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Term
| biological theory of dreaming |
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Definition
AIM Theory
activation, input, and mode |
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Term
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Definition
amount of neural activation
low activation in stages 3-4, high in REM |
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Term
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Definition
stimulation is either internal or external
awake: external world
asleep: internal world, especially in REM |
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Term
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Definition
| ranges from logical (wakeful) to loose-illogical (dreaming) states |
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Term
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Definition
SWS dreams
REM dreams
lucid dreaming (stages 1-2,c an control what's happening, part of cognitive theory) |
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Term
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Definition
anything that affects your mindset, even legal things (caffeine)
physical dependence
psychological dependence |
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Term
| 3 types of psychoactive drugs |
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Definition
depressants
stimulants
hallucinogens |
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Term
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Definition
| alcohol, sedatives, and opioids/narcotics |
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Term
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Definition
| caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy |
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Term
| examples of hallucinogens |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ability to store and retrieve information
a conscious AND unconscious process |
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Term
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Definition
sensory (0-2 sec.)
short-term (2-30 sec.)
long-term (30+ sec.)
all utilize different parts of the brain, ie HM got in an accident and once they removed his hippocampus he was never able to translate short--long |
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Term
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Definition
original sensory form
about half a second or less |
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Term
| 2 types of sensory memory |
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Definition
iconic (visual stimuli)
echoic (sound) |
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Term
| cognitive theory of dreaming |
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Definition
| dreams are not that different from everyday thinking |
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Term
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Definition
aka working memory
Process: attending, storing, rehearsing
central executive organizes incoming stimuli to 1 of 3 stores
stores send it back (rehearsal) once memory wears out after 2-3 seconds |
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Term
| 3 main storage centers for short-term memory |
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Definition
phonological loop (sounds)
visuo-spatial sketchpad (visual)
episodic buffer (events) |
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Term
| short-term memory capacity |
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Definition
can hold 7 items in memory at a time, + or - 2
can increase with technique of chunking (phone number)
serial position effect (primary and recency) |
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Term
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Definition
| remember the first things presented |
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Term
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Definition
ability to remember things most recently presented
would've been eliminated if recall after digits |
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Term
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Definition
part of long-term memory
implied, we don't try to get it
associated with REM sleep
HM still had this
procedural or priming |
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Term
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Definition
part of implicit memory
anything learned
riding a bike |
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Term
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Definition
part of implicit memory
completely subconscious
go with your instinct on test, Ozzy Smith crossword puzzle |
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Term
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Definition
part of long-term memory
associated with slow wave sleep
HM lost this with removal of hippocampus
semantic or episodic |
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Term
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Definition
part of explicit memory
facts
first president |
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Term
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Definition
part of explicit memory
events
first day of school |
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Term
| Stages of Long-Term Memory |
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Definition
Encoding
Consolidation
Storage
Retrieval
mnemonic devices help |
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Term
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Definition
3 levels of processing info (from shallow --> deeper and low probability of recall-->high): structures, phonetics, semantics
effects even stronger with repetition |
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Term
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Definition
solidifying a memory in a permanent spot in the cortex
short term memory --> long term memory
mostly happens during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
retaining information over time
hierarchies (break down topic into smaller parts)
schemas (groups)
networks (combine hierarchies and schemas; web) |
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Term
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Definition
recovery of information
bringing long term memory in the cortex to short term memory in the frontal lobe
tip of the tongue phenomenon is a retrieval problem |
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Term
| tip of the tongue problem |
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Definition
| know all of the associated words, just not the words |
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Term
| pathways of short term memory in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
pre-frontal cortex helps filter important from unimportant info
sensory info then goes to hippocampus where consolidation can take hours or weeks |
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Term
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Definition
different types of long term memory are stored in different places in the brain
damage to different area can result in various sorts of memory loss |
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Term
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Definition
emotional memories are easier to recall than facts
emotions can help encode and retrieve memories
emotion and sleep clearly effect memory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disruption of memory due to the presence of competing information |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disruption of memory because new experiences or info causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information |
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Term
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Definition
| disruption of memory because previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of info we forget over time, named the Forgetting Curve |
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Term
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Definition
| inattention to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
an inability to retrieve stored information
tip of the tongue phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious form of forgetting that keeps threatening thoughts/feelings/impulses of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
false memory
when memories are altered based on leading questions, comments, or statements from some other source |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| can't remember things from the past |
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Term
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Definition
go to class, pay attention
read the book before class
study deep, not shallow
form a study group
devise meaningful mnemonics
apply anything to your life |
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Term
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Definition
| enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience |
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Term
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Definition
one piece of information from the environment is linked repeatedly with another, which forms a connection
key to conditioning models of learning |
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Term
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Definition
neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the learner has an automatic, unlearned response
Pavlov and his dogs |
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Term
| intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
not after every response
stronger behavioral response |
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Term
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Definition
| rewarding a behavior every time it occurs |
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Term
| how operant conditioning works |
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Definition
| organisms learn from the consequences of their behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases frequency of an act |
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Term
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Definition
adds an unpleasant stimulus
give chores for missing curfew |
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Term
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Definition
removes a desirable stimulus
take away cell phone |
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Term
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Definition
| increases frequency of an act |
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Term
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Definition
adds a reward
give Sally cookie when she does dishes without being told |
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Term
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Definition
removes an unpleasant stimulus
Sally doesn't have to make beds now |
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Term
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Definition
process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior
voluntary behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Watson and Rayner conditioned a baby to fear white rats by pairing it with a very frightening noise
paired emotional stimuli with white rat
generalized fear
did not undergo deconditioning
not ethical |
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Term
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Definition
| weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response |
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Term
| 2 fundamental criteria for conditioning to occur |
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Definition
multiple pairings of UCS and neutral stimulus (NS)
the UCS and NS must be paired or presented very close together in time in order for an association to form |
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Term
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Definition
| present stimulus and then food, usually results in stronger connection |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) for Pavlov |
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Definition
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Term
| unconditioned response (UCR) for Pavlov |
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Definition
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
previously neutral input an organism learns to associate with the UCS
bell ringing with food |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
behavior an organism learns to perform when presented with the CS
salivating when the bell rang |
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Term
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Definition
| slow down central nervous system activity |
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Term
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Definition
| activate the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| create distorted perceptions of reality |
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