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the view that psychology (1)Should be an objective science that (2)Studies behavior without reference to mental processes
- Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) |
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| historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth |
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| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
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| the science of behavior and mental processes |
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| the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |
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[image]
- All levels can effect each other |
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| an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
- Assists us in developing theories within psychology (theory building)
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
- next step after Basic Research |
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Assist clients in improving social and personal functioning
- Clients are not diagnosed with mental disorder
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| a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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| a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy |
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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it (also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
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| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variable; For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as “what an intelligence test measures” |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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Definition
- Descriptive Method
-A single in depth analysis of an individual
-Can often suggest new directions for further study
- Could potentially mislead researchers (only one subject when others could show different results)
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- Descriptive Method
- Conveniently assesses multiple cases
- Not as in-depth as case study
- Biased answers
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| all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population) |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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- Descriptive Method
- A record of observation in the individuals natural environment
- Subject does not know they are being watched
-Does not allow researcher to control some factors
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Definition
- Assess the magnitude and direction of correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
- Correlation does not equal causation (example: good weather and shark attacks)
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| the perception of a relationship where none exist |
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| a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) - By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors |
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- Experimental Method
- Equal opportunity of placement in control of experimental condition
- Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
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| in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
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- Experimental Method
- In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment - Contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo - Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies |
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| experimental results caused by expectations alone - Any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent |
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- Experimental Method
- the experimental factor that is manipulated - The variable whose effect is being studied |
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- Experimental Method
- the outcome factor - The variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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a study method incorporating five steps:
Survey
Question
Read
Rehearse
Review |
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| the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes |
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a nerve cell - The basic building block of the nervous system
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Axon
- Terminal Branches
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| the neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
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the neuron’s extension that passes messages through its branching terminal fibers that form junctions with other neurons, muscles, or glands
- covered by myelin sheath |
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| a neural impulse - A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
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Definition
| the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron - The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft |
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Definition
| chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons - When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse |
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Definition
| natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
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| the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
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| Central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
Two Primary Divisions:
- Spinal cord – information highway connecting the PNS to the brain
- Brain – complex organ comprised of billions of neurons organized into neural networks
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| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
Two Primary Divisions:
- Somatic Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
Two Divisions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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Definition
| bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
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Definition
neurons that carry incoming information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
- Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
- Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicated internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
- Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
- Also called the skeletal nervous system |
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Definition
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)
- Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms |
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| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
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Definition
| a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response |
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Definition
| a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |
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Definition
| the endocrine system’s most influential gland - Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
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Definition
| tissue destruction - A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue |
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Definition
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull - The brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
Comprised of:
- Medulla
- Thalamus
- Reticular Formation
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
and amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface
- These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |
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| PET (Position Emission Tomography) Scan |
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Definition
| a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task |
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| MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) |
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Definition
| a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue - MRI scans show brain anatomy |
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Definition
| a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans - fMRI scans show brain function |
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Definition
| the base of the brainstem - Controls heartbeat and breathing |
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Definition
| the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem - It directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
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Definition
| a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
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| the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem - Functions include some nonverbal learning, processing sensory input, and coordinating movement output and balance |
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Definition
| neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdale, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres - Associated with emotions and drives |
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Definition
| two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system - Linked to emotion |
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Definition
| a neural structure lying below the thalamus - It directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward |
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Term
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Definition
- Outer region of brain
- Four lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
- Motor Cortex
- Sensory Cortex
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Term
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Definition
portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead
- Involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments |
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Term
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Definition
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear
- Receives sensory input for touch and body position |
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Definition
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head
- Includes areas that receive information from the visual fields |
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Term
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Definition
portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears
- Includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear |
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Definition
| an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |
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Definition
| area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
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Definition
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary morot or sensory functions
- They are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, and integrating information |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding) |
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Definition
| controls language expression - An area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
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Term
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Definition
| controls language reception - A brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, that is involved in language comprehension and expression |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of new neurons |
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Definition
| the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
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Definition
| a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them |
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Definition
| our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Definition
| the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
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Definition
| the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
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Definition
| failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
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Definition
failing to notice changes in the environment
- form of inattentional blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological clock - Regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid eye movement sleep - A recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur - Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
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Term
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Definition
| the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
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Definition
| periodic, natural loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
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Definition
| false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
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Definition
| the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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Definition
| recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks - The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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Term
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified - Unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
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Definition
- a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
- Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it |
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Definition
| according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) |
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Definition
| according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content) |
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Definition
| the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) |
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Definition
| a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
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Term
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Definition
| a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized - Used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
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Definition
| a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
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Definition
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
three groups:
- depressant
- stimulant
- hallucinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| the diminishing effect with regular of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
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Term
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Definition
| a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
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Definition
| drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
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Definition
opium and it derivatives, such as morphine and heroin
- They depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and the even more powerful cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
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Definition
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
- Over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
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Definition
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
- Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition |
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Definition
| psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
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Definition
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
- Also known as acid |
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Definition
| an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest) - Often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
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Definition
the major active ingredient in marijuana
- Triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
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Definition
| Defined as the “science of mental life” |
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Definition
- 384 – 322 BCE)
- First in psychology
- Greek Philosopher
- Theories of learning, memory, motivation, etc.
- Early Psychology |
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Definition
- (1832 – 1920)
- Russian Philosopher and Physiologist
- First psychology experiment that measured mental processes (how humans capture information
(Example: how long it takes someone to hear a sound)
- Early Psychology |
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Definition
- (1842 – 1920)
- American Philosopher
- Interest in how humans process emotion
- Introspection |
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Term
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Definition
- observation or examination of one's own mental and emotional state, mental processes, etc.
- the act of looking within oneself |
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Definition
- (1856 – 1939)
- Austrian Physician
- Early experiences, personality, therapy
- Interested in unconscious thoughts (how they become repressed) |
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| Psychology from 1920 – 1960 |
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Definition
- Behaviorism is born
- Behaviorists did not like measurement of mental processes or introspection |
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Definition
- (1878 – 1958)
- Initial leader of the behaviorists movement
- Believed science is rooted in observation (behaviors)
- Psychology from 1920 - 1960 |
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Definition
- (1904 – 1990)
- Followed in the footsteps of Watson
- Psychology from 1920 - 1960 |
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Term
| Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
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Definition
- Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987) and Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970)
- Humanistic Psychologists
- Put behavior and mental processes together
- Emphasized influence of immediate environment on growth and self-actualization
- Psychology from 1920 – 1960 |
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Term
| Psychology from 1960’s – Present time |
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Definition
- Cognitive revolution – can look at brain activity under different situations
- Recapturing of early interest in mental life
- Redefined psychology as “the study of behavior and mental processes” |
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Term
| What do Contempory Psychologists Study? |
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Definition
- Behavior – Anything an organism does (physical action that can be observed and recorded)
- Mental Processes – Subjective experiences (perceptions, dreams, thoughts, and feelings) |
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Definition
- Basic research
- Applied research
- Counseling psychologists
- Clinical psychologists
- Psychiatrists |
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Term
| Steps of Scientific Method |
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Definition
1. Begins with observation
2. A good theory or explanation of said observation will yield predictions (hypothesis)
3. Researchers operationally define their procedures and concepts of interest
4. Test procedures are executed
5. Procedures are replicated |
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Definition
| Allows for isolation of cause and effect |
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Term
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Definition
- Experimental Method
- A characteristic or phenomenon that can have specific values (it is measurable and can vary) |
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Term
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Definition
| Life support center of neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| - Branched endings of an axon that form junctions and transmit messages to other neurons |
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Term
| Action Potential Properties |
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Definition
- All-or-none response
- Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, nut it does not affect the action potentials strength or speed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Limbic System
- Memory consolidation, new memories, and creates memories |
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Term
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Definition
The body’s “slow” chemical communication system
- Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands |
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Term
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Definition
Chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream
- Hormones affect the brain and other tissues |
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Term
| Division of Nervous System |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sleep Stages 1-2
Slow Wave Sleep Stages 3-4
REM Sleep Stage 5 |
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Term
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Definition
- light sleep brain activity marked by theta waves
- daydreaming |
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Term
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Definition
- deepest sleep, brain activity shows large-amplitude, slow delta waves
- sleepwalking, sleeptalking, night terrors |
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Term
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Definition
1. Safety
2. Restoration and repair of brain tissue
3. Memory
4. Development |
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Term
| Sleep Disorders That Can Vary By Age |
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Definition
night terrors
sleepwalking
sleeptalking |
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Term
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Definition
1. Wish fulfillment
2. Information processing
3. Psysiological function
4. Activation-synthesis theory
5. Cognitive development |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Biological Influences on Drug Use |
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Definition
- genetic predisposition
- variations in neurotransmitter systems |
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Term
| Psychological Influence on Drug Use |
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Definition
- lacking sense of purpose
- significant stress
- psychological disorders, such as depression |
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Term
| Social-cultural Influences on Drug Use |
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Definition
- urban enviroment
- cultural attitude toward drug use
- peer influences |
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