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| an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says everything that comes to their mind |
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| according to Freud, a reservour of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
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| Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techninques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
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| contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
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| largely unconscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
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| part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment, the conscience, and for future aspirations |
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| childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
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| according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness |
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| Carl's Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservour of memory traces from our species' history |
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| a personality test, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
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| according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation is to fulfill one's potential |
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| unconditioned positive regard |
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Definition
| according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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Definition
| a questionaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to asses selected personality traits |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests originally developed to identify emotional disorders |
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| Big Five personality test |
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Definition
| test that examies five traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
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| social-cognitive perspective |
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Definition
| views behavior as influenced by interation between people's traits/thoughts and their social context |
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| interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment |
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| psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes |
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| major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two ore more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities |
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| a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state |
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| a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
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| group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions |
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| a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions |
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| false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders |
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Definition
| preoccuptaion with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity |
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| disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion |
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Definition
| immobility (or excessive purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements |
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| undifferentiated schizophrenia |
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| withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared |
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| psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anixety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
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| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other fightening sensations |
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| an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation |
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) |
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| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
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| positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises |
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| psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause |
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| a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found |
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| a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptom of disease |
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Definition
| disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separate from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings |
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| dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities |
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| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist |
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Definition
| a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological function by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses |
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Definition
| a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth |
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Definition
| empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance |
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| therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
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| a behavior therapy procedure that uses classifcal conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and averise conditioning |
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| behavioral techniques such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid |
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| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias |
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Definition
| a type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
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| an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats |
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| therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
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| cognitive-behavioral therapy |
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| a popular intergrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) |
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| therapy that treats the family as a system and views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members |
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| the scientific study of how we think about, influenced, and relate to one another |
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Definition
| the theroy that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| the tendency for obervers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
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Definition
| feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
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Definition
| attitude-change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
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| peripheral route persuasion |
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Definition
| attitude-change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness |
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| foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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Definition
| the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
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Definition
| a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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| cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
| the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes |
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Definition
| adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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| normative social influence |
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| influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
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| informational social influence |
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Definition
| influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality |
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Definition
| stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
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| the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
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| the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurruing in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
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| the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within a group |
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| the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
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| an unjustifiable, and usually negative, attitude toward a group and its member |
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| a generalized belief about a group of people |
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| unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
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| the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
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| "us" - people with whom we share a common identity |
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| "them" - [ those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup |
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| the tendency to favor our own group |
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| the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
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| the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than the faces of other races |
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| frustration-aggression principle |
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| the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression |
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| the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
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| an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
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| the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
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| a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion what they give to it |
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| revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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| unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
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| the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
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| the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
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| an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
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| social responsibility norm |
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Definition
| an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them |
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| a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
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| a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
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| mutual views often held by conflicting people as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive |
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| shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
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Definition
| Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strateg designed to decrease international tensions |
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