• Socrates and Aristotle believed in the mind and body as being separate. mind lives after death.  Also people were born with pre-existing beliefs
• Aristotles believed that people were not born with innate ideas. also the mind dies with the body and people gain knowledge from experience (empiricism)
  

• E = knowledge is gained from reason
• R = knowledge comes from reason

1. Monism - one substance all physical
2. Dualism - mental and spiritual substance (soul or spirit)

• Socrates and Plato
• dualist
• proposed 1st model of communication between body and soul

• rejected Descartes, at birth we are a blank slate
• learn knowledge from experience
• therefore science should rely on observation and exp.
• modern science

• 1830 to 1920, german 1st lab
• father of experimental or cognitive psych

• 1842-1910
• father of American psych
• studied function of the mind(functionalism)
• Science of mental life

when did modern psychology start?

what was it comprised of?

what was it based on?

1920-1960's

developed from Biology and Philosophy

Behaviorism - study of obervable behavior (watson and skinner)

• develop theory
• develop hypotheses
• test hypothesis
• consider observations
• PHEOC

• observe test subject in their natural environment
• provides no explanation of behavior

• intense studies of a single individual or group
• results could be atypical

• large shallow sample
• info could be biased by wording of question or population selection

+ - increase and increase

- - increase of one and decrease of the other

• Independent variable - variable that is manipulated by the researcher
• dependent variable - the variable that is measured by the researcher
  

• rapid increase of positive charge down a neuron

soma?

• brain
• spinal cord

1. somatic - voluntary muscle control
2. autonomic - parasym or sympathetic

• dilates pupils                       glycogen to glucose
  
• dilate bronchi                       inhibits saliva
  
• constricts vessels
• incr. HR
• inhibits digestion
• inhibits bladder
  

medulla

pons

reticular formation

cerebellum

• heartbeat
• breathing

• Alertness

• balance and coordination or movements

• thalamus
• hypothalamus
• hippocampus
• amygdala

• relays sensory information

1. feeding
2. fleeing
3. fucking
4. fighting

• emotions
• we don't have complete control

1. new memory formation

• nearly all info processing
• thin massively convoluted outer covering

1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital

• planning
• judgement
• speaking
• problem solving
• MOTOR CORTEX - controls movements

• somatosensory cortex - receives sensory information
• registers body position

• caused by sensory input that innervates close to where the missing limb innervated the sensory cortex

• sensory neglect of the left side of the body and visual field

auditory processing

object recognition (prosopagnosia RH stroke)

Right hemisphere responsible for?

Left?

who is least lateralized?

R - face recognition, visual patterns

L - language

left handed females have language in both hemispheres

• occurs after a commisurotomy
• two conscious minds
• Right VF can be put into language
• left VF can't
• therefore can only say what they saw in their right VF

transduction

absolute threshold?

• converting environmental energy to electrical energy
• the lowest amount of stimulus that will activate a response (half of the time)

• focusing light onto the retina (cornea - 80% and lens 20%)

myopia

hyperopia

myop - the eye is too long and the focus point is b4 the retina

hyp- the eye is too short and fp is behind the retina

Rods

Cones

R - used for lowlight, found only in periphery, no color 120 mil

C - used for daytime and color, found in fovea, 6 million

fovea - main point of focus where all cones are to produce a sharp image

bs - region where optic nerve leaves the eye, no photoreceptors

1. young helmholtz trichromatic
2. opponent process theory

young - helmholtz trichromatic theory?

Hering's opponent process theory?

• 3 different types of cones that are specialized for different wavelengths of light. but have a response for virtually every wavelength
• red - green and blue - yellow opponent process cells filter the color message on the way to the brain(afterimages)

• gene on X chromosome that causes one or two faulty types of cone

in cochlear compartments. sound waves vibrate cells to press against membrane.

the frequency of vibration and where it effects the cochlear hair cells

somatosensory; parietal

motor; frontal

bitter

sour

sweet

umami

salty

semicircular canals

otolith organs

canals - endolymph filled tubes that contain hair cells that bend when the fluid moves due to movement

otolith - fluid filled sacks that use hair cells that are stimulated by Ca rocks as the head moves. detects linear acc. and head tilt

occlusion

linear perspective

motion parallax

overlapping of images

converging lines

nearer objects move faster than objects in the distance