preventative care

primary care

(what is its major task?)

its major task is the early detection of disease.

Providers of care at the primary level include family members as well as the professionals and paraprofessionals.

secondary care

(entry? providers?)

emergency treatment and critical care for diagnosis and treatment of an illness

-entry: direct admission or referral

-providers: staff of acute and long term care hospitals

tertiary care

(entry? providers?)

-specialty services

-entry: referral from either the primary or secondary level

-providers: specialists in psychiatric hospitals, disease centers, & highly specialized units of hospitals

respite care

(providers? who is this directed towards?)

-gives primary caretakers at home a period of relief

-provided by an agengy or institution for long-term care patients

restorative care

(providers?)

-routine follow-up care and rehabilitation

-providers: nursing homes, halfway houses, inpatient facilities, and in homes by health care or community-based agencies

physiology

Organization

List the six 'levels' of the body from smallest to biggest.

Name the eleven body systems

(no specific order)

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive

-protection, support, movement

-coordination & control

-circulation

-nutrition & fluid balance

-offspring & reproduction

-integumentary (skin)

-skeletal (bone)

-muscular (muscles)

-nervous

-endocrine

Which body systems provide circulation?

-cardiovascular

-lymphatic

-respiratory

-digestive

-urinary

-reproductive

(these include both internal & external sex organs)

going from complex to simple units

breaking down

-building up phase

-simple compounds used for tissue

-growth, function, repair

"staying the same"

-feedback: control system based on information return

-fluid balance: regulation of fluid amounts and composition

What is the main method for maintaining homeostasis?

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

-feedback

-negative: reverse upward and downward shifts (regulating body temp.)

-positive: action promotes continued activity until the stimulus is removed or an outside force stops the cycle (child birth)

Know the difference between:

-superior vs. inferior

-ventral/anterior vs. dorsal/posterior

-cranial vs. caudal

-medial vs. lateral

-proximal vs. distal

-superior vs. inferior (top & bottom)

-ventral/anterior vs. dorsal/posterior (back & front)

-cranial vs. caudal (head & feet)

-medial vs. lateral (towards center & away from center)

-proximal vs. distal (closer & farther)

Know the difference between the tissue sections for diagnostic imaging.

(longitudinal, cross, oblique)

-longitudinal (front and back, floating in water)

-cross section (superior and inferior)

-oblique (diagonal cross section)

-cranial (brain)

-spinal (spinal cord)

-separated by the diaphragm

-larger than dorsal cavity

-thoracic (above diaph.): heart, lungs, organs, blood vessels
-abdominopelvic (below diaph.): digestive organs, urinary/reproductive organs

-blood

-secretions

-tissue

-bone

What are the four types of laboratories?

-chemistry

-microbiology

-cytology-histopathology

-radiology

What does a CBC (complete blood count) test measure?

RBC (red blood cells)

-hemoglobin (Hb or Hgn)

-hematocrit (Hct)

WBC (white blood cells)

-leukocytes

-lymphocytes

platelets

-CBC

-mono spot test

-PT (protime/prothrombin time) EXTERNAL

-PTT (partial thromboplastin time) INTERNAL

-WBC

-RBC

-protein

-sugar

-creatine clearance

-total protein

(creatine is a by-product of the kidneys)

-throat (strep)

-sputum (cough)

-urine

-stool

-skin

-spinal fluid

What is nuclear medicine?

What are some scans that can be taken?

-using radioactive things to treat people

-lung scan, bone scan, thyroid scan, myoview stress test

(computed tomography)

-head

-chest

-abdomen

-pelvis

(magnetic resonance imaging)

-head

-spine

-joints

What is a PET Scan?

(positron emission tomography)

-EKG (electrocardiogram): Holter Monitor

-Echocardiogram

-Stress tests (stress echo, Myoview stress test)

-Cardiac Catheterization

What are some vascular diagnostic procedures? (3)

-arterial doppler flow studies (carotid, abdominal, peripheral aterial)

-venous doppler flow studies (lower extremities)

-angiogram

-EEG: electroencephalogram (seizures)

-EMG: electromyelogram

-NCS: nerve conduction study

-CT/MRI of the brain

-LP: lumbar puncture

Name the five pulmonary diagnostic procedures.

-chest x-ray

-CT chest

-bronchoscopy

-pulmonary function tests

-sleep studies

Name three of the gastroenterology diagnostic procedures.

-flat & upright abdomen

-ultrasound/CT abdomen

-fiberoptic endoscopy

(EGD-esophago-gastro is through the mouth; FFS flexible fiberoptic is through rectal area)

-pelvic exam

-pap smear/thin prep pap

-culposcopy

-ultrasound

-CT pelvis

-X-ray

-MRI

-arthroscope (little camera)

-arthrocentesis (draw fluid out)

What are the four obstetrics diagnostic procedures?

-pregnancy test

-blood type/RH factor

-genetic tests

-amniocentesis (draw amniotic fluid to check for Down's syndrome, over age 35)

-the study of cells

-basic unit of all life

-have all characteristics of life

-reproduction: mitosis

histology

-the study of tissues

-tissues are made up of cells

Know the meanings behind the following terms:

-acute

-chronic

-subacute

-terminal

-idiopathic

-iatrogenic

-nosocomial

-acute (severe, short duration)

-chronic (less severe, long duration)

-subacute (between acute & chronic)

-terminal (dying)

-idiopathic (unknown)

-iatrogenic (side effects)

-nosocomial (hospital)

-age

-gender

-heredity

-living conditions

-emotional disturbance

-physical and chemical damage

-"occupational" diseases

-preexisting illness

-the study of the CAUSE of disease in populations

-incidence rate

-prevalence rate

-mortality rate

What is the difference between the following diagnostic terms?

-symptoms, signs, syndrome

-symptoms: felt

-signs: observable

-syndrome: group of S & S

What is the purpose of disease prevention?

-invasion of the body by disease-producing microorganisms (pathogens)

-bacteria

-fungi

-viruses

-parasites

-population of microorganisms that normally grows on and within the human body

-cocci (round)

-bacilli (short, slender rods)

-curved rods

-vibrios: short rods with a slight curvature

-spirilla: long wavelike cells resembling a corkscrew

-spirochetes: long wavelike cells capable of waving and twisting motions

-genus name: Escheria

-species name: coli

all italics, just capitalize first/genus name.

-MRSA

-C. diff (occurs after antibiotics)

-extremely small microorganisms

-composed of a core of nucleic acid surrounded by a coat of proteins

-grow only within living cells

-large group of simple plantlike organisms

-mycotic infections=fungal diseases
-few cause systematic disease
-yeasts: single-celled forms of fungi

-molds: fuzzy, filamentous fungi

-viruses are smaller than bacteria

-need electron microscope to see viruses, could see bacteria with light

-animal-like, single-celled microbes found all over the world (larger than bacteria)

4 divisions:

-amoebas

-ciliates

-flagellates

-sporozoa

-sewage & garbage disposal

-water purification

-prevention of food contamination

-milk pasteurization

[image]

-universal precautions

-hand washing (20 sec, paper towels are best)

-OSHA

-epidermis: melanocytes

-dermis (blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles)

-subcutaneous (aidpose tissue, blood vessels, connective tissue/fascia)

-protection against infection

-stratum corneum, physical barrier

-protection against dehydration
-keratin in epidermis, sebum (oil) production

-regulation of body temperature
-vascular constriction/dilation, sweat/evaporaton

-sensory information
-Meissner Corpuscle (touch), Pacinian Corpuscle (deep pressure)

What colors are associated with the following:

-pallor

-jaundice

-cyanosis

-pallor (grey)

-jaundice (yellow)

-cyanosis (blue/purple)

What are the 4 types of superficial skin lesions?

What are the 4 types of skin lesions below the surface?

-superficial: macule, papule, vesicle, pustule

-below the surface: excoration, laceration, ulcer, fissure

-impetigo

-herpes simplex (types I & II)

-herpes Zoster

-fungal infections

-cellulitis

-squamous cell

-basal cell

originates in the epidermis

-melanoma

originates in a birth mark

-1st: superficial partial thickness

-2nd: deep partial thickness

-3rd: full thickness

What are the two main complications associated with burns?

-respiratory problems

-dehydration

-fluids

-wound care

-pain control

-splinting

-palm trick: use the patient's palm size to represent approximately 1% TBSA

-imagine a rectangle the width and length of your entire hand (from wrist to fingertips)

What are pressure ulcers?

What are their complications, treatments, and prevention?

-decubitius: lesions over bony areas

-complications: chronic infection
-treatment: wound care, mobility, diet
-prevention: air or gel overlays

Wound healing is affected by the four following things:

-nutrition

-blood supply

-infection

-age

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

-firm framework

-protects delicate structures

-muscle lever system for movement

-storehouse for calcium

-produces blood cells (bone marrow)

Name the five sections of vertebrae on the column.

-cervical vertebrae

-thoracic vertebrae

-lumbar vertebrae

-sacral vertebrae (sacrum)

-coccyx

METABOLIC

-kyphosis (rounding of back)

-lordosis (exxagerated lower/lumbar curve)

-scoliosis (off center)

What is degenerative joint disease?

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

-also known as osteoarthritis

-caused by overuse of joints

-autoimmune disorder

-I-E-A: ice, elevate, anti-inflammatory

-xray/MRI

-arthroscope (small camera)

-arthrocentesis (draw fluid)

-arthroplasty (joint replacement)