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Meaning of events The process by which these events and their outcomes occurred Best answered by qualitative research |
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Whether a particular result is related to one or another variable and to what extent Best answered by quantitative research |
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To figure out what is happening, which methods are being used |
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What is happening vs. What should happen |
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What is the relationship and the strength of this relationship between X and Y |
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What impact does a change in the X have on Y |
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Questions are formulated in terms of observable or measurable data Preferences given to findings that can be easily verified |
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Does not assume that the questions and conclusi data collected Prefer to treat unobserved data as "real" and the observed data as "evidence" They use what they find to make inferences regarding what they don't find |
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Reduced ambiguity Increased confidence in specifying the directional relationship between two variables Threats to internal validity are reduced The opportunity to make careful observations of the details of a process which would likely be inaccessible in the field |
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Main advantages in conducting an experament |
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What type of design were the Stanford Experiments? |
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Survey: Designed to measure characteristics Rely on upon an inductive Approach, often using “open” ended questions to explore perspectives. Can even be ethnographic in nature Designed to measure WHAT occurred, rather than WHY Example is an opinion poll |
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Survey: Attempt to Test a theory in the field, their main purpose being to explore and test associations between variables. |
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Group A o1-------x--------o2 |
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Group A o--o--o--x--o--o--o Group B o--o--o--o--o--o--o |
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Group A R---o-----x----o group B R---o---o---o |
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Any method of data collection in which the subjects are not aware that they are being studied |
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Research design is too vague Does not meet IRB standards Difficult to access data |
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Common Pitfalls of Research |
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the act or process or arranging persons into classes or social strata |
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audio/visual documents charts and graphs |
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Three forms of content analysis |
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Informed consent and confidentiality |
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Two essentials for ethical research |
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