Term
Synaptic Pruning 1) myelination 2) synaptogenesis |
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Definition
a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are frequently used are preserve, and those that are not are lost 1) fibers are wrapped with a fatty sheath to increase the speed with which they are able to trasmit signals 2) the formation of new connections between nuerons |
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environmental agent that harms the embryo or fetus eg thalidomide which was taken by pregnant women in the 60s to treat morning sickness. It made these women give birth to children with flipper-like appendages. eg Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) causes distinctive faceial features and damage to the CNS, causing behavioral, cognitive, and social problems |
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| developmental stage during which we acquire certain skills and knowledge (if we don't acquire that skill during the critical period, it will never be developed) |
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| a strong, intimate, emotional bond that persists over time and circumstance |
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| a process where a young animal learns the characteristics of its parent |
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| developmental stage during which specific skills and knowledge are easiest to acquire |
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| says that attachment serves to motivate infants and caregivers to stay in close contact. Argued that infant behaviors are designed to illicit response from caregiver |
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| Provided one of the mose striking examples of nonhuman attachemtn. He worked in attachment experiment with rhesus monkeys that were exposed to surrogate mothers (one provided nourishment, one provided comfort). He found that the monkeys spent most of the time w/ the comforting mother and only went to the nourishing mother when they needed nourishment. This experiment demonstrated that contact comfort is a key element in social development. |
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Mary Ainsworth 1) strange situation test 2) attachment styles |
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Definition
developed the Strange Situation Test, a 20-minute evaluation to observe the attachment between children and their caregivers. 1) a test involving observing kids, caregiver, and friendly but unfamiliar adult in a series of eight episodes where the procedure consists of a sequence of separations and reunions b/w the child and each of the 2 adults 2) Secure: cried when mom left, but better when mom comes back; Avoidant: not distressed when mom leaves, can be comfy w/ stranger; Anxious-ambivalent: clingy to mother, cry when mom leaves and becomes upset again when mother returns |
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Term
Parenting Styles of children that are: 1) secure 2) avoidant 3) anxious-ambivalent |
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Definition
1) consistent, appropriate responses 2) ignore distress encourage independence 3) inconsistent parenting (child doesn't know what to expect) |
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3 parenting styles 1) Autocratic/Authoritarian 2) Permissive 3) Authoritative-reciprocal |
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Definition
1) withdrawn, lack independence, angry 2) lack independence, immature, no social responsibility 3) independent, competent, socially responsible |
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Four Adult Attachment Styles 1) Secure 2) Dismissive 3) Fearful 4) Preoccupied |
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Definition
1) Low anxiety/Low Avoidance: Enjoy emotional closeness 2) Low Anxiety/High Avoidance: Independent, don't "need" others 3) High Anxiety/High Avoidance: Uncomfortable with others, trust issues 4) High Anxiety/Low Avoidance: Want intimacy, worry about it |
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| The tendency for humans to pay more attention to novel stimuli |
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Schemas 1) assimilation 2) accomodation |
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Definition
hypothetical cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information 1) the process by which a new experience is placed into an existing schema 2) the process by which a schema is adapted or expanded to incorporate a new experience that does not easily fit into an existing schema. |
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| test of self-awareness (>15 months old) - a mark eg lipstick is put on baby's nose and baby is shown to mirror. >15 months recognize mirror image as themselves and wipe off mark |
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| the ability to explain and predict other people's behavior as a result of recognizing their mental state (eg the 2 doll story where 2 dolls play w/ a block then one doll puts the block away in a box and goes outside to play. meanwhile the other doll takes the block out of the box and puts it into a basket. the other doll comes back and the kids are asked if this doll will know where the block is) |
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| linguistic experiment that investigates the acquisition of complex language characteristics in children (morphemes, plurals, etc) - 5-6 year old kids can apply nonsense words to the rules of grammer (can modify language when need be) |
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Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Reasoning 1) Preconventional (children) 2) Conventional 3) Postconventional |
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Definition
tested moral reasoning skills, devising a theory of moral judgement that involved 3 levels of moral reasoning 1) self interest (avoid punishment and maximize reward) 2) conform, maintain order, what will others think? 3) social responsibility, conscience, ethics |
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| proposed theory of development that emphasized age-related psychological processes and their effects on social functioning across life span. |
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an individual's comprehension of him/herself as a discrete, separate entity; includes the sense of continuity, uniqueness from others, and affiliation |
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| fluid vs crystallized intelligence throughout lifespan |
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Definition
fluid: abilit to process new general info that requires no specific knowledge eg the ability to recognize an anolgy or arrange blocks to match a picture crystallized: more specific knowledge that must be learned or memorized eg vocabulary or knowledge of specialized info or reasoning strategies. fluid intelligence tends to decline steadily with age, whereas crystallized intelligence increases through at least the 40s and 50s and then levels off |
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