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| A variable that is manipulated in an experiment to measure any effect it has on other (dependent) variables. |
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| A variable whose value changes based on the manipulation of the independent variable. |
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| Coming a general conclusion from particular stripes. (Example: All sampled elements of the set Dumplings have been tasty, therefore, all elements of the set are tasty.) |
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| Coming to a particular conclusion from general facts. (Example: This is a dumpling, therefore, it is tasty.) |
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| Points about the Experimental Methods |
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| It is the ideal analytical method, entails experimental and control groups, difficult to use in political science due to ethics/feasibility, and has seen increased use in recent decades. |
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| Used in substitution for experimental method, an "approximation" thereof. It entails mathematical manipulation of data to provide insight into partial correlations, necessitating large amounts of data. |
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| Used to find relations among variables where due to constraints (e.g. few cases) the statistical method is not viable. Aimed at probabilistic generalizations, not universal. |
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| A detailed examination and analysis of a single entity in an effort to describe and explain its characteristics. According to Lijphart, there are six types dividable according to Theory Non-Theory. |
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| Four ways to increase strength of comparative method |
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1) Use more cases and fewer variables.
2) If cases cannot be increased, try unifying variables which are similar.
3) Focus on comparable cases (Mill's Methods of Difference and Concomittant Variables)
4) Focus on the analysis of key variables |
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| Characterize the Comparative Method |
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| It is a research design which seeks to understand the effects of a particular dependent variable by examining a small number of cases. The small number of carefully selected cases improves generalizability and control over single case studies,but also allows one to look more in depth at each case than one can in "large N" statistical studies. |
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| An approach which entails attempting to isolate case variation to only the dependent variable. (Example: Comparing the proportion of national budget spent on national defense and its effects between the US and UK, which are very similar in many regards.) |
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| An approach which entails attempting to isolate case similarity to only the dependent variable. |
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| Comparing the findings of regional sets of cases. This approach is useful in finding whether theories are consistent across regions or localized. (Many old theories grounded in a European context were erroneously generalized to any human population) |
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| A large group of people connected through interactions and common traits. One key trait is often physical proximity, allowing the group to function as a relatively closed and interdependent system of relations among its members. |
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| Unwritten rules or expectations of behavior that gelp govern the activity of individuals in a society. |
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| A nation's self-awareness and sense of unity. (Example: Korean national identity, a shared sense of "Korean-ness" between North and South Korea. This national self-identification is distinct from self-identification with either state.) |
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| A large, self-aware segment of society, united by shared cultural features and possessing a belief in the right to political control over a particular territory. |
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| The pursuit of a set of rights for a nation, including the right of political control over a certain territory. |
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| Leaders of national movement who define both the membership boundary and the territorial boundary for the nation |
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| An independent state that exists for a single nation. |
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| members of the nation are united by multiethnic cultural features and citizenship in the state rather than by shared ethnicity. |
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| When national identity is based largely on ethnicity. |
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| A pure form of a concept that may not exist in the real world but is useful in investigations of the concept in practice. |
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| When a group is allowed to control much of what happens in a particular region but the region is not officially independent. A group accepting such autonomy surrenders authority over such matters as national security to the central government. |
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| The basic unit of political organization in the world. It is distinguished from other rule-making bodies by its combination of a permanent population, a defined territory, governing institutions, sovereignty over its territory, and international recognition. |
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| Designation of official membership that a state confers to most of its permanent population. Carries rights and responsibilities not afforded to noncitizens, even if those noncitizens have lived in the state for a long enough time. |
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| A person who holds more than one official citizenship |
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| Being without any citizenship |
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| When two or more nations lay claim to the same territory as part or all of their homelands |
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| Example of overlapping homelands. Small area claimed by Israel, Lebanon, Syria. Taken by Israel during Six Day War (Israel claims it was part of Syrian Golan Heights, Lebanon claims it was theirs). Israel invaded Southern Lebanon in the First Lebanon War ('82) in response to ANO attempting assassination of Israeli ambassador to the UK. In 2000, Israel withdrew from Southern Lebanon on order from UN. Lebanon claims Shebaa Farms as theirs and that Israel did not fully withdraw. Syria did not recognize Lebanon as independent and notSyria until 2009. |
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| The ability to conduct one's own affairs. It is a defining feature of states, though not all existing states have complete sovereignty at all times. |
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| De Jure and De Facto Sovereignty |
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De Jure - The right to hold sole power over a particular territory
De Facto - Actually holding sole power over a particular territory |
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| International Recognition |
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| Global community's acceptance of a state's right to sovereignty. Does not necessarily accompany actual sovereignty. |
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| Examples of Int. Recognition absent de facto Sovereignty |
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| Swat in NWFP, FATA, Somalia (Transitional Federal Government), Yemen |
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| Loyalty to, pride in, and love of, an existing state. This is not interchangeable with nationalism, which is simplified as love of a nation whereas patriotism is love of a state. (Example: Balochistan, Basques and Hindu nationalists are primarily nationalists. Patriotism to the state is either secondary or non-existent.) |
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| The particular political system in a state under which the government operates (Example: Egypt from Mubarak to the military last year) |
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| The set of individuals, the roles they play, and the institutions in which they function that produce policy decisions on behalf of the state. |
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| Part of the executive branch dedicated to the implementation of government policy. Note: Due to their autonomy, sometimes referred to as a fourth branch. Higher levels of bureaucracy have influence on implementation of policies |
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| The output of a political system designed to alter some aspect of the political, economic, or social condition |
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| Two Ways Bureaucracies Can Influence Policy |
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Agenda Setting - Setting policy priorities
Cherry-Pick - Filtering of documents being sent through the chain-of-command |
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| Comment on Bureaucratic Influence and Laws |
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| Laws are often constraints rather than directives, and political favor vague laws because they are political expedient and they feel details are best left to bureaucracies |
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| In the US, we have 15 cabinets, each headed by a Secretary. In many other countries these are Ministries with Ministers. |
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| Middle and Lower Level bureaucrats who are hired for their political or technical expertise (NOT politically appointed) |
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| Bureaucrats get their initial jobs and promotions on the basis of their qualifications and performance |
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| Bureaucrats get their initial jobs and promotions on the basis of their connections to top government positions or favors done for such officials |
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| Bureaucrats are hired to fill a specific role in a particular government department and typically stay in that department for most or all of their government careers |
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| Bureaucrats are hried for their general knowledge or expertise, typically including advanced legal training (more likely bureaucrats in these situations will switch departments in their careers) |
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| Advantages of Large Bureaucracy |
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Definition
Stability - provides for greater continuity during changes of political administration - especially in parliamentary systems
Expertise - The stability across politicla administrations allows bureaucrats to gian high levels of proficiency in certain subjects - particularly in conjunction with specialist appraoch |
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| Disadvantages of Large Bureaucracy |
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Definition
Inefficiency - Expedient incentives to expand one's ministray/department to gain political power and further career
Power to the unelected
Resistance to change - de facto challenges to those in power |
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- Small group of individuals who exercise power over the state
- Government is not constitutionally responsible to the public
- Individual freedom is restricted
- Public has minimal or no role in the selection of leaders
- *May* be legitimate |
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| Non-Democratic Regimes and Political Control |
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Definition
Coercion - Violence and surveillance common
Co-option - Populace enter a beneficial relationship wtih the state
Cult of Personality - Populace obeys the leader based on their charisma, quality, and ideas |
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| A method of co-option whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state |
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| A process whereby the state co-opts memebrs of the public by providing specifics benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support |
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| Supreme leader - Head of State, serves for life, senior religious cleric. Powers: Choose who can run for president, CIC of armed forces, appoints chief justices all the way down to television and radio directors, very similar to traditional monarchy |
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| Iran: Leadership - The President |
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| Directly elected, can serve for two terms only, four years each; drafting the state budget, proposing legislation, selecting ministers; appointing ambassadors, signing treaties, forming diplomatic relations; secondary executive under the Supreme Leader. |
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Military rule: Rule by One or More military Officials, often brought to pwoer through a coup.
Four motives: National Interest, Corporate Self-Interest, Social Self-Interest, Individual Self-Interest |
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Factional - A coup in whcih only part of the military participates
Corporate - A coup in which the military acts as a single body |
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