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Definition
| Society lacking government and law; Standard for Realism |
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| Anarchic system; States main actors; Black Box Theory; Survival main goal; States intentions unclear; States have goals; benefits |
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| Same as Realism + Security Dilemma unavoidable; Must compete; Incentives to being hegemon |
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| Same as Realism + Security Dilemma mitigated by geography/technology; Maintain status quo and security |
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| Competition for power; Fearful; Distrusting (Temporary cooperation as a result); Self-help; Security Dilemma |
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| An increase in your security/defenses = decrease in others security |
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| Anarchy; State of nature not the same as the state of war; Interstate relations not zero-sum; Cooperation is possible; States differentiated |
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| Democratic Peace Theory; Neoliberal Institutionalism; Economic Interdependence |
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| Democracies will not fight wars with other democracies; Considers costs (people bear them), norms (prefer peaceful conflicts), and institutions (add time to reach agreements w checks and balances) |
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| Neoliberal Institutionalism |
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Definition
| Foster cooperation and peace among anarchic states; Accept Realist assumptions; = explicit/implicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making models; Obstacles = cheating and free-riding |
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| Establish mutual expectations; Reduce transaction costs; facilitate issue linkage and side payments; provide information; monitor compliance |
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| Int'l trade/commerce->fewer incentives for war/conflict |
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| Constructivism (Idealism) |
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| Power of ideas (Better than material gains); Identities; Norms of appropriate behavior |
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| 1st image = individuals; 2nd image = states; 3rd image = int'l system |
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| Human nature; Passions; Misperceptions, biased; Risk propensity |
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| Democratic Peace Theory; Democratization->war; Capitalism->war; Military organizations->war |
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| 3rd Image International Systems |
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Definition
| Distribution of power; Power transitions; International institutions; Economic interdependence; Global norms |
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| Distribution of power/balance of power; Unipolar system vs. Bipolar system vs. Multipolar system |
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| Cannot follow through threats (Cuban Missile Crisis); Cannot credibly agree to one idea; Cannot credibly agree to not fight (China and America) |
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| Facts about one nation that are withheld from other nations; Can lead to misperceptions or false information; Benefits to misrepresent information (Egypt and Israel) |
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| States cannot reach a bargain because the problem cannot be divided (Solomon's Judgment on the Child) |
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| Occurs during a power transition; Rising hegemon attacks current hegemon OR Declining hegemon attacks rising hegemon |
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| Always wager war; If nations know what each other wants, would be better to just give wants instead of enter a costly war |
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| Occur from SD; War occurs when states fear an attack; Insecurity is root cause |
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| War occurs when cost of attacking decreases |
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| Sense of pride in one's homeland |
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| Only goal of war is to win; Use all available resources, including people; Costs not considered |
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| Serious consideration of costs; War we see today |
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| Using commoners as fodder for combatants; "Vacuum" idea |
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| Creating a system in which responsibility lies on all nations equally |
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| Letting another nation deal with the problem; Ignoring the issue at hand |
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| Instituted Concert of Europe; Created peace throughout Europe from 1815-1854 |
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| Austria, Russia (Polyglot nations); Prussia; England, France (Liberal, constitutional monarchy); Cooperation achieved through a flexible balance of power and a shared commitment to monarchy; Abstained from aggressive land grabs; Preserved status quo; Resisted bids for hegemony; Opposed revolution |
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| Comes in after CoE fails; Rejects shared norms of CoE and Liberalism; Raison d'état (reason of the state) (powers and interests of states priority based on power); Complex alliances |
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| Trade is a zero-sum contest; Places tarrifs and regulations on trade; A hoarding of gold to fund they state to fund its army |
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| Spread of wealth, goods, ideas, and information via trade; Promotes global interdependence |
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| Focusing on creating only one or a few items that you are good at creating (China with silk and gunpowder, Colombia with coffee); Do not produce what you cannot easily make, causes higher creation costs meaning higher price meaning people will not buy it if something else is cheaper |
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| Value of gold = value of pound = value of every other currency; Simplified int'l transactions; Eliminated foreign exchange risk; Facilitated rapid growth in trade and investment |
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| Marriage of iron and rye; Agriculture and steel joined together to achieve protection from rising tariffs and dropping costs |
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| You export what you specialize in: capital, labor, or land (Capital = US) (Labor = India/China) (Land = South America, Africa) |
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| Hegemonic Stability Theory |
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Definition
| While there is a nation acting as most powerful nation, the world will operate more smoothly |
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Definition
| Most powerful state in world; Acts as police power; Acts as an example to other nations; Powerful army; Powerful and influential economy; Regulate trade |
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| Conquest of weaker nations to increase land, power, wealth, and control |
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Definition
| Capitalism->monopolies->concentration of wealth; Underconsumption and overproduction->falling rate of profit and underused resources; Leads to competition among countries for control |
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Definition
| Imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism; Capitalist monopolies replace free competition |
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| Britain's desire to completely avoid all issues within continental Europe |
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Definition
| Occurs after Realpolitik; Simplification of alliances (keep Austria cut Russia); Aggressive moves overseas; Heightened naval armaments; Increase in German industrialism; Politically powerful army; Exploit military technology; Hybrid political system |
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Definition
| Transition to offensive strategies in order to defeat France and Russia sequentially |
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Definition
| Belief in CotO->aggressive expansionism, incentives for preemptive and preventative war, risky diplomacy and brinksmanship->war; Comes from military world view; Provides what militaries want; Exacerbated by insufficient people controlling the system; In place to protect allies |
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Definition
| War initiated to prevent another nation from attacking at a later time; Preemptive war |
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Definition
| Surrender of German colonies; French get Alsace-Lorraine back Allied occupation of the Saar and Rhineland; Ban on Germany and Austria; Strict military limits; German reparations and guilt clause; No empire besides Britain, France, and Italy; Self-determination besides Germany; Equality besides Germany and USSR; Assured security except France |
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Definition
| No single state more powerful than another; All major powers accept the status quo; Willingness to defend anyone else |
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| Council and assembly; Article X--members protect other members; Article XVI--aggression = an attack on all members, members will talk then decide actions; Alliances with specific states; Collective security for all staes |
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Definition
| Under Wilson; Open diplomacy; Self-determination (nations find own destiny); Free trade; Arms reduction; Collective security; Impacted Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations |
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Definition
| Raised tariff on many things; other nations followed, including Britain |
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Definition
| Additional territory deemed necessary to a nation for its continued growth and well-being; Not a new idea to Germany, though the approach (killing all the Jews) was |
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| US gets USSR to join Pacific War; UK wants democracy in Eastern and Central Europe; USSR wants a sphere of influence in Eastern and Central Russia; Russia wins; Big 3 (US, UK, USSR) divide Germany and Berlin; Iron Curtain forms and divides Europe |
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Definition
| Ability to maintain power and control in an area where you have no territory |
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| Metaphorical term for the division between the Liberal West Europe and USSR dominated East Europe based on opposing ideologies |
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| US and UK seeking world domination; Internal contradictions of capitalism inevitable; Soviets must spread "democracy" (Communism), especially in Germany |
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Definition
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Served as European military power |
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Definition
| Anti-Communist aid to Greece, Turkey; US replaces Britain; Sets broad standards for later policies |
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Definition
| Conference to regulate post-WW2 economy and exchange rates, reconstruction and development, and trade |
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Term
| International Monetary Fund |
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Definition
| Adjustable peg exchange rate system; exchange rates set to fixed value; can be adjusted if "fundamental disequilibrium"; Has access to financing; can support currency without recession; Regulation of capital flows; Collective management; Frequent consultation; Voting power based on how much you pay |
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Definition
| Loans for reconstruction and development; Default institution (failed) even after Marshall Plan |
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Definition
| Continuing challenge to free trade |
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Term
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Definition
| $13.5 billion to Europe; $500 million to Japan; 5% of US GDP in 1948 |
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Term
| Stability-Instability Paradox |
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Definition
| Nuclear weapons make MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) (a form of stability); Promote other methods of warfare (a form of instability) |
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Term
| Mutually Assured Destruction |
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Definition
| If one nuclear nation attacks another nuclear nation with nukes, the defending nation will (in theory) attack with their nukes, thus ensuring the destruction of both nations; On a global level, fallout from destruction of defending nation will have an immediate and long-term negative impact on the entire world |
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Definition
| Attack before the other nation can (Preemptive attack) |
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| Secure Second Strike Capability |
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Definition
| If you suffer an attack, you have the ability to respond with your own |
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Definition
| Capital of North Vietnam after Vietnam divided at 17th Parallel |
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| Capital of South Vietnam after Vietnam divided at 17th Parallel |
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| Pockets of North Vietnamese support in South Vietnam that relied on guerilla warfare to defeat South Vietnamese and American troops |
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| Destroyed the image of America to the US citizens; Revealed US was losing the war as opposed to the advertised near-victory |
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| Inaction in one area would destroy public opinion of US commitment and cause them to believe we would not help elsewhere |
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| If one state falls in a region (especially to Communism) then all states fall in the region |
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| 1979; President Carter helps Israel negotiate an historic peace treaty with Egypt; Egypt becomes key US ally |
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Definition
| US battleship was supposedly targeted by North Vietnam; LBJ used this to escalate the war |
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Term
| Operation Rolling Thunder |
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| Series of air-strikes on North Vietnam; Not very effective at all |
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Definition
| Head of Egypt during Suez Canal War and Six Day War; Wanted Israel dead |
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| Head of Egypt during Yom Kippur War; Launched a successful attack on Israel due to private information, though Sadat only wanted to talk out negotiations; Okay with existence of Israel; More pragmatic and realistic than his predecessor |
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Definition
| Israel vs. Egypt, Jordan, Syria; Nasser closes Strait of Tiran; Israel preemptively attacks Egypt; Destroys 75% of its armed forces |
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| Oil companies in the Middle East came together and made laws; Did not give as much money to Saudi Arabia as it had wanted; Incredibly abusive to other world powers |
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; Put embargoes on the US and Dutch (as they supported the US) |
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| International Energy Agency; Created in response to OPEC; Showed oil transactions of nations; Provided an escape/safety plan if an embargo occurred again; Provided information on the spot-market and tried to prevent hoarding; Ultimately failed both times it had to be used |
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| Two superpowers or hegemons exist; US and Russia during the Cold War; US and China now; Keep world in order through conflicts with each other |
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| More than two nations exist as "hegemons"; "Hegemons" cannot exist in a multipolar system, referred to as superpowers; France, Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia during the Late 18th Early 19th Centuries |
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Definition
| One hegemon exists in the world; US between Cold War and the Rise of China |
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Definition
| North American Free Trade Agreement; Mexico, US, and Canada can cross borders and trade with each other without tariffs or taxes |
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| States can have two of these three: (1) fixed exchange rates (2) international capital mobility (3)monetary independence |
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Definition
| If something is owned by everyone (the atmosphere, the oceans), no one feels responsible to take on problems as someone else will do it |
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| Collective Action Problem |
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Definition
| Cooperation can reap benefits; State will not cooperate because: (1) individual participation is costly (2) benefits are non-excludable |
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Definition
| Certain states will not participate in fixing a global problem; They will get to ride out the benefits provided by other states getting involved |
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| Not successful; Developed nations must decrease CO2 emissions by 5.2% by 2010; Can sell surplus rights ( if you drop by more than that, you can sell leftover amounts of CO2 to other nations); Was never enforced, no one spearheaded this effort |
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| Total disaster; Lack of strong leadership, i.e. US; Too many adjustment costs and geographical struggles; Too many countries and issues created a gridlock |
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| Political and violent in nature; Victims do not equal targets; Targets = civilians; Carried out by an organization, not a state; Cannot be militaristic in nature, i.e. guerilla warfare; Tactic or strategy |
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| Most destructive; Most mobile; Inflicts most damage/death; Communicates resolve - they do not care about dying, only getting it done |
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| V = value of attack or resistance (government); B = benefits (assumed to be stagnant); P(B) = probability of achieving benefits; C = costs (variable, changed by terrorists; harm civilians, destroy property, trauma, resolve of terrorist group); P(C) = probability of costs |
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| Overthrow secular rule in own or another state, or establish the rule of a particular religion; Al Qaeda |
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| Ethnonationalists; Look for national self-determination and control over territory; Located in Sri Lanka; Want to return Sri Lanka to an individual state and remove the "foreigners" |
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